Jacobson in Venuti 2000:114 distinguishes three types of translation. These three types are briefly put as follows:
a. Intralingual translation or rewording
Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. This type is simplified by synonims
in the same linguistic code or language, paraphrase or replacing an idiom such as ‘pass away’ by ‘die’.
b. Interlingual translation or translation proper
Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interprettation of verbal signs by means of some other language. This types is seen in replacing certain code-
units in SL by equivalent code-units in TL.
c. Inter-semiotic translation or transmutation
Inter-semiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign system. This type refers to the use of signs
or signals for the purpose of communication; the most important semiotic system is human language in contrast to other systems such as sign language
and traffic signals. The types of translation which is suitable with this research is interlingual
translation since the research is useing two languages.
3.
Address Terms a.
Definitions of Address Terms
Braun 1988:7 in Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences defines the term as a means of “initiating contact.” He indicates that address terms often
designate the interlocutors, but not necessarily so, since their literal and lexical meanings can differ from or even contradict the addressee’s personal and social
features. For instance, in some cultures like Iranian and Arabic communities, a girl may address her friend’s mother as ‘aunt’ to show respect to her though
there is no blood relation between them. To Afful 2006 in the Realization of Address Terms in Modern Persian in Iran: A Sociolinguistic Study, address
terms refer to the linguistic expression by which a speaker designates an addressee in a face-to-face encounter. Oyetade 1995 In The Realization of
Address Terms in Modern Persian in Iran: A Sociolinguistic Study defines address terms as words or expressions used in interactive, dyadic and face-to-
face situations to characterize the person being talked to. Leech 1999 in Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy
ad dress terms are “important formulaic verbal behaviors well recognized in the
sociolinguistics literature to signal transactional, interpersonal and deictic ramifications in human relationships.” It is believed that the behavior, norms
and customs of a community can be recognized through studying its address terms.
Keshavarz 2001: 6 in Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences defines this set as “...linguistic forms that are used in addressing others to attract their
attention or for referring to them in the cou rse of a conversation.”. According
to Marriam Webster online dictionary address terms is a word, name, or title that is used when speaking or writing to someone
“Honey” is an affectionate term of address in U.S. English. The researcher chooses the devinition of
Keshavarz 2001:6.
b. Types of Address Terms
