16
2 External factors outside the student, the environmental conditions around students
3 Learning approach factors, which is the type of student learning effort that includes strategies and methods used by students to
perform activities on the materials of lesson. Based on expert opinions above, we can conclude that learning is
a change in behavior of a person through educational process, the changes are influenced by internal factors that come from Students
and external factors that come from outside of the Students.
2. Cooperative Learning Model
After knowing the definition of learning, then will be presented the definition of cooperative learning in the school environment in order to be
a reference to the settlement of problems that have been described in previous chapters.
a. Definition of Cooperative Learning Model
According to Hamruni 2012: 119 cooperative learning model is a series of learning activities conducted by students in certain groups
to achieve learning objectives that have been formulated. Cooperative learning is a teaching strategy that implements a system of grouping
small team among four to six people who have different background in academic ability, gender, race, or ethnicity heterogeneous.
Scoring system in cooperative learning is giving awards reward to the group which is able to reach the required achievement. So, each
17
member of the group has a positive dependence. The dependence will bring the individuals responsibility to the group. Each student will
help each other and have a high motivation to be successful group, so each person will have an equal opportunity to contribute to the group.
There are four essential elements in the cooperative learning that are participants, rules, efforts to learn of every member of the group,
and the objectives. Participants are students who make the learning process in each study group. Student groups can be established using
several approaches, include students’ interests and talents,
backgrounds ability, or a mixture of them. Rules of the group is everything that has agreed by all involved
parties, both students as Students, and students as members of the group.
Efforts to learn is all activities of students to improve the ability that has been owned and led to new capabilities, good working
knowledge, attitudes, and skills. The learning activities carried out in group activities, so all of the participants able to learn through the
exchange of experiences and ideas. The aspects of interest are intended to give direction of planning,
implementation, and evaluation. Through clear objectives, each member of the group can understand the objectives of each learning
activity.
18
Lately, cooperative learning strategies recommended by education experts to be used. Slavin in Hamruni 2012: 120 suggests
two reasons as follows: 1 Some studies showed that the implementation of cooperative
learning can improve students’ learning achievement and social
relations in the same time. 2 Cooperative learning can realize the need for students to learn,
solve problems, and integrate knowledge and skills. From these two reasons, the cooperative learning is a form of learning
that can improve the learning system.
b. Characteristics and Principles of Cooperative Learning
