Summary of the Verbal Uses of Overview

224 The two angels came to Sodom in the evening as Lot was sitting in the gate of Sodom. When Lot saw them, he rose to meet them and bowed down with his face to the ground. Pc-vqw3mpXa amdc Pa-ncmp npXd Pp+Pa-ncms Pc-np vqPms Pp-ncms- np Pc-vqw3msXa-np Pc-vqw3ms Pp-vqcX3mp Pc-vsw3msXa ncmd ncfsXd ; 3 ; ; 6+ 6+ 8 5 Gen 19:1 The cases of + N + PTC need to be considered in order to more fully understand the role played by with participles. This is another dimension of the interplay of and , which is an important area for further research.

8.4 Summary of the Verbal Uses of

The verbal uses of account for 458 or 53 of the total 864 occurrences. In the analysis of as a verb, one of the most crucial things to keep in mind is that its behavior is that of a WAYYIQTOL . One of the main reasons to go into all the detailed categorization of ’s occurrences is that it enforces careful examination of each class or category of occurrence. In 5.2.2, the analytical usefulness of hierarchical levels is discussed; the categories in 8.2-8.4 focus on phrase- and clause-level phenomenon associated with . This tedious analysis must be carried out in order to establish the syntactic connection of to its immediate context. The best way to discover if certain occurrences of are not directly connected to the immediate context is to attempt to establish that connection, but fail in the attempt. If, on the other hand, it is assumed that is a type of textlinguistic or macrosyntactic marker, it is much easier to overlook the local syntactic connection. In Niccacci’s Syntax of the Verb in Classical Hebrew Prose, 225 the distinction is clear between which is an actual verb and that “has no verb function in the individual sentence and as a result does not act like a normal WAYYIQTOL ” Niccacci 1990, 159. The question, however, is whether it is possible to categorize in this way. Niccacci argues that any that has a macrosyntactic function “has no function at all in the single sentence” Niccacci 1990, 159. This seems to imply that any that does in fact have a function in the single sentence is excluded from having any macrosyntactic function. Consequently, none of the verbal occurrences in this chapter, by Niccacci’s definition, could possibly perform a macrosyntactic function. The first matter at hand, however, is to clearly define what macrosyntactic means and then what constitutes a macrosyntactic marker. This will be dealt with in Chapter 10.

8.5 Uses of

The final section of this chapter displays the occurrences and uses of . It is clear from examples like Exod 7:12 that the verbal functions of are shared with the other forms of . For instance, the third person plural form followed by means became as discussed above in 8.2.1.8.7. each one threw down his staff and they turned into serpents. But Aarons staff swallowed up their staffs. Pc-vhw3mp ncms ncmscX3ms Pc- vqw3mp Pp-ncmp Pc-vqw3ms ncmsc-np Po-ncmpcX3mp M 8 M ; M Exod 7:12 Other examples of occur, as well as 5 . 226 And the man and his wife were both naked and were not ashamed. Pc-vqw3mp amdcX3mp amp Pa- ncms Pc-ncfscX3ms Pc-Pn vvi3mp ;5 3 8 ? Gen 2:25 and they were grief for Isaac and Rebekah. Pc-vqw3fp ncfsc ncbs Pp-np Pc-Pp- np 8 5 Gen 26:35 One of the important reasons for considering the occurrences of is that they provide supporting evidence for the verbal uses of since the same basic patterns occur. The more limited sample of these occurrences does not contain the same diversity of examples, but the categories of verbal uses are quite parallel. This is not surprising since the only real difference between and is that of singular versus plural. For the categories which are not represented in the examples, one only needs to have a plural SUBJECT and fits fine. The parallel nature of the uses of confirms the status of as a verb. It should also be noted that not only is the verbal usage parallel, but there are also parallel questions which emerge from examining the examples. For example in 1 Chr 12:40, has a summarizing sense of so then, or with the result that see this example below under 8.5.1.2, DEICTIC Uses of . They were there with David three days, eating and drinking, for their kinsmen had prepared for them. Pc-vqw3mp-Pd Pp-np ncmp ams vqPmp Pc-vqPmp Pp-vhp3cp PpX3mp ncmpcX3mp + 8 + 1 Chr 12:40 39 227

8.5.1 Verbal Uses of

The verbal uses of are displayed in the following sections: 8.5.1.1 EQUATIVE Uses of 8.5.1.2 DEICTIC Uses of 8.5.1.3 DESCRIPTIVE Uses of 8.5.1.1 EQUATIVE Uses of The basic structure of the EQUATIVE uses of is: ± S + NOMINAL COMPLEMENT Now the sons of Noah who came out of the ark were Shem and Ham and Japheth; and Ham was the father of Canaan. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc-np Pa-vqPmp Pp-Pa-ncfs np Pc-np Pc-np Pc-np pi3ms ncmsc np 5 ; ; 8 Gen 9:18 and they were grief to Isaac and Rebekah. Pc-vqw3fp ncfsc ncbs Pp-np Pc-Pp- np 8 5 Gen 26:35 The sons of Eliphaz were Teman, Omar, Zepho and Gatam and Kenaz. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc np np np np Pc- np Pc-np + + 5 : 8 5C Gen 36:11 The sons of Lotan were Hori and Hemam; and Lotans sister was Timna. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc-np np Pc-np Pc- ncfsc np np 6+ 8 5 6+ + Gen 36:22 The sons of Judah: Er and Onan and Shelah and Perez and Zerah but Er and Onan died in the land of Canaan. And the sons of Perez were Hezron and Hamul. Pc-ncmpc np np Pc-np Pc-np Pc-np Pc-np Pc-vqw3ms np Pc-np Pp-ncbs np Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc-np np Pc-np + + 8 + 0 Gen 46:12 228 These then are the sons of Levi by their names: Gershon and Kohath and Merari. Pc-vqw3mp-acp ncmpc-np Pp- ncmpcX3mp np Pc-np Pc-np , 8 + G Num 3:17 The sons of Judah according to their families were: of Shelah, the family of the Shelanites; of Perez, the family of the Perezites; of Zerah, the family of the Zerahites. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc-np Pp- ncfpcX3mp Pp-np ncfsc Pa-np Pp- np ncfsc Pa-np Pp-np ncfsc Pa-np - 8 . Num 26:20 The sons of Perez were: of Hezron, the family of the Hezronites; of Hamul, the family of the Hamulites. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc-np Pp-np ncfsc Pa-np Pp-np ncfsc Pa-np ; ; 0 8 Num 26:21 The sons of Bela were Ard and Naaman: of Ard, the family of the Ardites; of Naaman, the family of the Naamites. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc-np np Pc-np ncfsc Pa-np Pp-np ncfsc Pa-np 8 Num 26:40 Mahlah, Tirzah, Hoglah, Milcah and Noah, the daughters of Zelophehad married their uncles sons. Pc-vqw3fp np np Pc-np Pc-np Pc-np ncfpc np Pp-ncmpc ncmpcX3fp Pp- ncfp C 5 8 ; + ; Num 36:11 The cities at the extremity of the tribe of the sons of Judah toward the border of Edom in the south were Kabzeel and Eder and Jagur, Pc-vqw3mp Pa-ncfp Pp-ncmsc Pp- ncmsc ncmpc-np Pp-ncmsc np Pp+Pa-ncmsXd np Pc-np Pc-np M C + : G 8 C Josh 15:21 The sons of Saul were Jonathan and Ishvi and Malchi-shua; and the names of his two daughters were these: the name of the firstborn Merab and the name of the younger Michal. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc np np Pc-np Pc- np Pc-ncmsc afdc ncfpcX3ms ncmsc Pa-ncfs np Pc-ncmsc Pa-afs np + ; 5 8 61 1 Sam 14:49 229 Then Hadad died. Now the chiefs of Edom were: chief Timna, chief Aliah, chief Jetheth, Pc-vqw3msXa np Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc np ncms np ncms np np ncms np + : , 8 9, 9, 5 9, 1 Chr 1:51 The sons of Jerahmeel the firstborn of Hezron were Ram the firstborn, then Bunah, Oren, Ozem and Ahijah. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc-np ncms np Pa- ncms np Pc-np Pc-np Pc-np np + + 8 + 1 Chr 2:25 The sons of Ram, the firstborn of Jerahmeel, were Maaz, Jamin and Eker. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc-np ncms np np Pc-np Pc-np + 8 1 Chr 2:27 The sons of Onam were Shammai and Jada. And the sons of Shammai were Nadab and Abishur. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc-np np Pc-np Pc- ncmpc np np Pc-np 3 + 8 3 1 Chr 2:28 The sons of Shemida were Ahian and Shechem and Likhi and Aniam. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc np np Pc-np Pc- np Pc-np 8 1 Chr 7:19 The son of Eliezer was Rehabiah the chief; and Eliezer had no other sons, but the sons of Rehabiah were very many. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc-np np Pa-ncms Pc-Pn-vqp3ms Pp-np ncmp amp Pc- ncmpc np vqp3cp Pp-PdXd ; : : ? 8 1 Chr 23:17 They helped David against the band of raiders, for they were all mighty men of valor, and were captains in the army. Pc-pi3mp vqp3cp Pp-np Pp-Pa- ncms Pp-ampc ncms ncmscX3mp Pc-vqw3mp ncmp Pp+Pa-ncbs G 3 , E + C 8 J F 1 Chr 12:22 21 230 For My hand made all these things, so all these things exist,” declares the LORD. “But to this one I will look, To him who is humble and contrite of spirit, and who trembles at My word. Pc-Po-ncmsc-acp ncfscX1cs vqp3fs Pc-vqw3mp ncmsc-acp ncmsc-np Pc-Pp-ams vhi1cs Pp-ams Pc-amsc- ncbs Pc-ams Pp-ncmscX1cs F , E , 6 8 Isa 66:2 It is merely coincidental that the majority of the preceding examples name the sons born to a particular person. This is not to be construed as a “meaning” of , but rather should be seen as one of the typical types of statements which is expressed with .

8.5.1.1.1 As Auxiliary Verb with Participle

functions together with the plural participle in the following examples, expressing continuous action in the past. The cherubim had their wings spread upward, covering the mercy seat with their wings, with their faces toward each other; the faces of the cherubim were toward the mercy seat. Pc-vqw3mp Pa-ncmp vqPmpc ncfd Pp-PdXd vqPmp Pp-ncfpcX3mp Pp-Pa-ncfs Pc-ncmpcX3mp ncms Pp-ncmscX3ms Pp-Pa-ncfs vqp3cp ncbpc Pa-ncmp F O 8 O Exod 37:9 For those who guide this people are leading them astray; And those who are guided by them are brought to confusion. Pc-vqw3mp vpPmpc Pa-ncms-Pa- ams vhPmp Pc-vPPmpcX3ms vPPmp . - 8 , E - E Isa 9:15 16 231 At the beginning of their living there, they did not fear the LORD; therefore the LORD sent lions among them which were killing some of them. Pc-vqw3msXa Pp-ncfsc vqcX3mp Pd Pn vqp3cp Po-np Pc-vpw3ms np PpX3mp Po-Pa-ncmp Pc-vqw3mp vqPmp PpX3mp ? 5 , + , 8 C 2 Kgs 17:25 But every nation still made gods of its own and put them in the houses of the high places which the people of Samaria had made, every nation in their cities in which they lived. Pc-vqw3mp vqPmp ncms ncms ncmpcX3ms Pc-vhw3mp Pp-ncmsc Pa-ncfp Pr vqp3cp Pa-np ncms ncms Pp-ncfpcX3mp Pr pi3mp vqPmp Pd ? : +G +G F ; - F + 8 ; +G +G 2 Kgs 17:29 They also feared the LORD and appointed from among themselves priests of the high places, who acted for them in the houses of the high places. Pc-vqw3mp amp Po-np Pc-vqw3mp PpX3mp Pp-ncfpcX3mp ncmpc ncfp Pc-vqw3mp vqPmp PpX3mp Pp-ncmsc Pa-ncfp + + F 8 + F 2 Kgs 17:32 because they have done evil in My sight, and have been provoking Me to anger since the day their fathers came from Egypt, even to this day. Pd Pr vqp3cp Po-Pa-ams Pp- ncfdcX1cs Pc-vqw3mp vhPmp PoX1cs Pp-Pa-ncms Pr vqp3cp ncmpcX3mp Pp-np Pc-Pp Pa-ncms Pa-ams F + 8 . + 3 + 2 Kgs 21:15 They ministered with song before the tabernacle of the tent of meeting, until Solomon had built the house of the LORD in Jerusalem; and they served in their office according to their order. Pc-vqw3mp vpPmp Pp-ncbpc ncmsc ncms-ncms Pp+Pa-ncms Pp- vqc np Po-ncmsc np Pp-np Pc- vqw3mp Pp-ncmscX3mp Pp- ncfscX3mp - + ? + 8 + 6 1 Chr 6:17 32 232 For the cherubim spread their wings over the place of the ark, so that the cherubim made a covering over the ark and its poles. Pc-vqw3mp Pa-ncmp vqPmp ncfd Pp-ncmsc Pa-ncbs Pc-vpw3mp Pa- ncmp Pp-Pa-ncbs Pc-Pp- ncmpcX3ms Pp-Pp-PdXd F I + + 8 + 2 Chr 5:8 When they had finished, they brought the rest of the money before the king and Jehoiada; and it was made into utensils for the house of the LORD, utensils for the service and the burnt offering, and pans and utensils of gold and silver. And they offered burnt offerings in the house of the LORD continually all the days of Jehoiada. Pc-Pp-vpcX3mp vhp3cp Pp-ncbpc Pa-ncms Pc-np Po-ncmsc Pa-ncms Pc-vqw3msX3ms ncmp Pp-ncmsc- np ncmpc ncms Pc-vhc Pc-ncfp Pc- ncmpc ncms Pc-ncms Pc-vqw3mp vhPmp ncfp Pp-ncmsc-np Pd ncms ncmpc np + 4 3 +, F 9 + + 9 8 + 5 + 2 Chr 24:14 So the couriers passed from city to city through the country of Ephraim and Manasseh, and as far as Zebulun, but they laughed them to scorn and mocked them. Pc-vqw3mp Pa-vqPmp vqPmp Pp- ncfs Pp+Pa-ncfs Pp-ncbs-np Pc-np Pc-Pp-np Pc-vqw3mp vhPmp PpX3mp Pc-vhPmp PpX3mp E - 0 8 C F 2 Chr 30:10 So the couriers passed from city to city through the country of Ephraim and Manasseh, and as far as Zebulun, but they laughed them to scorn and mocked them. Pc-vqw3mp Pa-vqPmp vqPmp Pp- ncfs Pp+Pa-ncfs Pp-ncbs-np Pc-np Pc-Pp-np Pc-vqw3mp vhPmp PpX3mp Pc-vhPmp PpX3mp E - 0 8 C F 2 Chr 30:10 233 but they continually mocked the messengers of God, despised His words and scoffed at His prophets, until the wrath of the LORD arose against His people, until there was no remedy. Pc-vqw3mp vhPmp Pp-ncmpc Pa- ncmp Pc-vqPmp ncmpcX3ms Pc- vwPmp Pp-ncmpcX3ms Pp vqc ncfsc-np Pp-ncmscX3ms Pp-Pp-Pd ncms ? : 55 + 8 ;3 + 2 Chr 36:16 During that night the king could not sleep so he gave an order to bring the book of records, the chronicles, and they were read before the king. Pp+Pa-ncms Pa-pi3ms vqp3fs ncfsc Pa-ncms Pc-vqw3ms Pp-vhc Po- ncms Pa-ncmp ncmpc Pa-ncmp Pc- vqw3mp vnPmp Pp-ncbpc Pa-ncms 4 3 , + ; . ; 84 3 Esth 6:1 The king and Jehoiada gave it to those who did the work of the service of the house of the LORD; and they hired masons and carpenters to restore the house of the LORD, and also workers in iron and bronze to repair the house of the LORD. Pc-vqw3msX3ms Pa-ncms Pc-np Pp-vqPms ncfsc ncfsc ncmsc-np Pc- vqw3mp vqPmp ncmp Pc-ncmp Pp- vpc ncmsc np Pc-Pc Pp-ncmpc ncms Pc-ncfs Pp-vpc Po-ncmsc np F+ + 4 3 5 F + . C 8 2 Chr 24:12 The data display here is merely the first step toward analyzing the narrative function of these examples. Further analysis would need to consider the context of each occurrence and explore the factors which motivated the use of with the participle.

8.5.1.1.2 Quantity

Three sets of examples are displayed in this section: 8.5.1.1.2.1 Basic Quantity Statements 8.5.1.1.2.2 “All the days of…” 234 8.5.1.1.2.3 Period of time

8.5.1.1.2.1 Basic Quantity Statements with

The basic structure of these examples is: + NP + NUM , parallel to the structure of the same type of statement with . While Israel was dwelling in land, that Reuben went and lay with Bilhah his fathers concubine, and Israel heard of it. Now there were twelve sons of Jacob… Pc-vqw3msXa Pp-vqc np Pp+Pa- ncbs Pa-pi3fs Pc-vqw3msXa np Pc- vqw3ms Po-np ncfs ncmscX3ms Pc- vqw3ms np Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc-np amd ams F C 4 F 8 F Gen 35:22 Now the sons of Reuben, Israels firstborn, their genealogical registration by their families, by their fathers households, according to the number of names, head by head, every male from twenty years old and upward, whoever was able to go out to war, their numbered men from the tribe of Reuben were 46,500. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc-np ncmsc np ncfpcX3mp Pp-ncfpcX3mp Pp- ncmsc ncmpcX3mp Pp-ncmsc ncmp Pp-ncfpcX3mp ncmsc-ncms Pp- ncmsc amp ncfs Pc-PdXd ncms vqPms ncbs vqsmpcX3mp Pp- ncmsc np ams Pc-abp ams Pc-afsc afp ; +5 F F ?G CO + 8 ; M E 8 + 9 - Num 1:20-21 235 So all the numbered men of the sons of Israel by their fathers households, from twenty years old and upward, whoever was able to go out to war in Israel, even all the numbered men were 603,550. Pc-vqw3mp ncmsc-vqsmpc ncmpc- np Pp-ncmsc ncmpcX3mp Pp- ncmsc amp ncfs Pc-PdXd ncmsc- vqPms ncbs Pp-np Pc-vqw3mp ncmsc-Pa-vqsmp afs-afp ams Pc- amsc amp Pc-afsc afp Pc-abp F F 8 F ; + E 8 - + ? 9 Num 1:45-46 even all the numbered men were 603,550. Pc-vqw3mp ncmsc-Pa-vqsmp afs- afp ams Pc-amsc amp Pc-afsc afp Pc-abp 9 + E 8 - + ? Num 1:46 Their numbered men by their families were 2,750. Pc-vqw3mp vqsmpcX3mp Pp- ncfpcX3mp amd afsc afp Pc-abp E 8 - + Num 4:36 Their numbered men by their families, by their fathers households, were 2,630. Pc-vqw3mp vqsmpcX3mp Pp- ncfpcX3mp Pp-ncmsc ncmpcX3mp amd Pc-afs afp Pc-amp E 8 ? + Num 4:40 Their numbered men by their families were 3,200. Pc-vqw3mp vqsmpcX3mp Pp- ncfpcX3mp amsc amp Pc-afd E 8 ? Num 4:44 Their numbered men were 8,580. Pc-vqw3mp vqsmpcX3mp amsc amp Pc-afsc afp Pc-amp E 8 + Num 4:48 But those who died by the plague were 14,700, besides those who died on account of Korah. Pc-vqw3mp Pa-vqPmp Pp+Pa-ncfs ams ams ams Pc-afsc afp Pp-Pp- ncms Pa-vqPmp Pp-ncmsc-np 9 F G 3 3 3 , + 8 Num 17:14 16:49 Those who died by the plague were 24,000. Pc-vqw3mp Pa-vqPmp Pp+Pa-ncfs ams Pc-amp ams G 3 3 89 F Num 25:9 236 These are the families of the Reubenites, and those who were numbered of them were 43,730. acp ncfpc Pa-np Pc-vqw3mp vqsmpcX3mp ams Pc-abp ams Pc- afsc afp Pc-amp E O , 8 ? + 9 ? Num 26:7 Those who were numbered of them were 23,000, every male from a month old and upward, for they were not numbered among the sons of Israel since no inheritance was given to them among the sons of Israel. Pc-vqw3mp vqsmpcX3mp ams Pc- amp ams ncmsc-ncms Pp-ncmsc- ncms Pc-PdXd Pp Pn vup3cp Pp- ncmsc ncmpc np Pp Pn-vnp3ms PpX3mp ncfs Pp-ncmsc ncmpc np 9 F ? E F 4+ ? 8 F 4+ 5 ? Num 26:62 From the day that the ark remained at Kiriath-jearim, the time was long, for it was twenty years; and all the house of Israel lamented after the LORD. Pc-vqw3msXa Pp-ncms vqc Pa- ncbs Pp np Pc-vqw3mp Pa-ncmp Pc-vqw3mp amp ncfs Pc-vnw3mp ncmsc-ncmsc np Pd np H + + F 8 F 1 Sam 7:2 He numbered them in Bezek; and the sons of Israel were 300,000, and the men of Judah 30,000. Pc-vqw3msX3mp Pp-np Pc- vqw3mp ncmpc-np afsc afp ams Pc- ncms np amp ams 9 + ? F 89 ? 1 Sam 11:8 Then he mustered the young men of the rulers of the provinces, and there were 232; and after them he mustered all the people, even all the sons of Israel, 7,000. Pc-vqw3ms Po-ncmpc ncmpc Pa- ncfp Pc-vqw3mp afd amd Pc-amp Pc-PdX3mp vqp3ms Po-ncmsc-Pa- ncms ncmsc-ncmpc np afsc amp + 3 F ? 8 F 1 Kgs 20:15 One slightly different example is Judg 16:30, where the quantity is expressed by a plural adjective together with to express the comparative: 237 And Samson said, “Let me die with the Philistines” And he bent with all his might so that the house fell on the lords and all the people who were in it. So the dead whom he killed at his death were more than those whom he killed in his life. Pc-vqw3ms np vqi3fsXa{1}Jm ncfscX1cs Pp-np Pc-vqw3msXa Pp- ncms Pc-vqw3ms Pa-ncms Pp-Pa- ncmp Pc-Pp-ncmsc-Pa-ncms Pr- PpX3ms Pc-vqw3mp Pa-vqPmp Pr vhp3ms Pp-ncmscX3ms amp Pp-Pr vhp3ms Pp-ncmpcX3ms 5 + 5 + ; I 6 ; ; + 3 8 Judg 16:30 8.5.1.1.2.2 “All the days of…” The essential structure in these examples is also: NUM + NP + . In this case, the NP consists of N + + ±. In three of the following eleven examples, the optional does not occur. The days of Adam after he became the father of Seth were eight hundred years, and he had other sons and daughters. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc-np Pd vhcX3ms Po-np afs afp ncfs Pc-vhw3msXa ncmp Pc-ncfp ; + 8 + + Gen 5:4 All the days that Adam lived were nine hundred and thirty years, and he died. Pc-vqw3mp ncmsc-ncmpc np Pr- vqp3ms afsc afp ncfs Pc-amp ncfs Pc-vqw3ms + 5 8 ? Gen 5:5 All the days of Seth were nine hundred and twelve years, and he died. Pc-vqw3mp ncmsc-ncmpc-np afd afs ncfs Pc-afsc afp ncfs Pc-vqw3ms F 5 8 + Gen 5:8 All the days of Enosh were nine hundred and five years, and he died. Pc-vqw3mp ncmsc-ncmpc np afs ncfp Pc-afsc afp ncfs Pc-vqw3ms + : 8 + Gen 5:11 238 All the days of Kenan were nine hundred and ten years, and he died. Pc-vqw3mp ncmsc-ncmpc np afs ncfp Pc-afsc afp ncfs Pc-vqw3ms F 8 + Gen 5:14 All the days of Mahalalel were eight hundred and ninety-five years, and he died. Pc-vqw3mp ncmsc-ncmpc np afs Pc-amp ncfs Pc-afs afp ncfs Pc- vqw3ms 8 + Gen 5:17 All the days of Jared were nine hundred and sixty-two years, and he died. Pc-vqw3mp ncmsc-ncmpc-np afd Pc-amp ncfs Pc-afsc afp ncfs Pc- vqw3ms - 5 8 + Gen 5:20 All the days of Methuselah were nine hundred and sixty-nine years, and he died. Pc-vqw3mp ncmsc-ncmpc np afs Pc-amp ncfs Pc-afsc afp ncfs Pc- vqw3msXa - 5 8 + Gen 5:27 All the days of Noah were nine hundred and fifty years, and he died. Pc-vqw3mp ncmsc-ncmpc-np afsc afp ncfs Pc-abp ncfs Pc-vqw3ms + 5 ; 8 - Gen 9:29 The days of Terah were two hundred and five years; and Terah died in Haran. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc-np afs ncfp Pc- afd ncfs Pc-vqw3ms np Pp-np 8 5 Gen 11:32 The days of Isaac were one hundred and eighty years. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc np afsc ncfs Pc- amp ncfs 8 Gen 35:28 One exception to the above pattern is in Gen 23:1, which has instead of the more frequent . Sarah lived one hundred and twenty-seven years; these were the years of the life of Sarah. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc np afs ncfs Pc- amp ncfs Pc-afs ncfp ncfpc ncmpc np F F 8 F Gene 23:1 239

8.5.1.1.2.3 Period of time

In two examples, occurs referring to a period of time. The captain of the bodyguard put Joseph in charge of them, and he took care of them; and they were in confinement for some time. Pc-vqw3ms ncms Pa-ncmp Po-np PpX3mp Pc-vpw3ms PoX3mp Pc- vqw3mp ncmp Pp-ncms 5 9 + M F 8 Gen 40:4 When Jehoshaphat and his people came to take their spoil, they found much among them, including goods, garments and valuable things which they took for themselves, more than they could carry. And they were three days taking the spoil because there was so much. Pc-vqw3msXa np Pc-ncmscX3ms Pp-vqc Po-ncmscX3mp Pc-vqw3mp PpX3mp Pp+Pa-ncms Pc-ncms Pc- ncmp Pc-ncmpc afp Pc-vpw3mp PpX3mp Pp-Pd ncms Pc-vqw3mp ncmp ams vqPmp Po-Pa-ncms Pp ams-pi3ms ;3 6 + C ; K J + E - + 8 2 Chr 20:25

8.5.1.1.3 With Prepositions

Because of the essentially parallel nature of the following uses with those already discussed in the sections which deal with above, there is minimal comment on the data with .

8.5.1.1.3.1 With

When they saw him, they brought thirty companions and they were with him. Pc-vqw3msXa Pp-vqcX3mp PoX3ms Pc-vqw3mp amp ncmp Pc- vqw3mp PpX3ms ; + + 8 ;5 ? Judg 14:11 240

8.5.1.1.3.2 With

From Kibroth-hattaavah the people set out for Hazeroth, and they remained at Hazeroth. Pp np vqp3cp Pa-ncms np Pc- vqw3mp Pp-np + 5 H + 1 8 + Num 11:35 Now while the sons of Israel were in the wilderness, they found a man gathering wood on the sabbath day. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc-np Pp+Pa-ncms Pc-vqw3mp ncms vkPms ncmp Pp- ncms Pa-ncbs 3 F 8 - + Num 15:32 When Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem heard that Joshua had captured Ai, and had utterly destroyed it just as he had done to Jericho and its king, so he had done to Ai and its king, and that the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel and were within their land, Pc-vqw3msXa Pp-vqc np ncms np Pp-vqp3ms np Po-Pa-np Pc- vhw3msX3fs Pp-Pr vqp3ms Pp-np Pc-Pp-ncmscX3fs Pd-vqp3ms Pp-np Pc-Pp-ncmscX3fs Pc-Pp vhp3cp vqPmpc np Pp-np Pc-vqw3mp Pp- ncmscX3mp 4 ; B E+ F B + F + C ; B 8 F Josh 10:1

8.5.1.1.3.3 With Indicating Comparison

So Jacob served seven years for Rachel and they seemed to him but a few days because of his love for her. Pc-vqw3ms np Pp-np afs ncfp Pc- vqw3mp Pp-ncfdcX3ms Pp-ncmp amp Pp-ncfscX3ms PoX3fs 8B ; Gen 29:20 241 When he came to Lehi, the Philistines shouted as they met him. And the Spirit of the LORD came upon him mightily so that the ropes that were on his arms were as flax that is burned with fire, and his bonds dropped from his hands. pi3ms-vqPms Pp-np Pc-np vhp3cp Pp-vqcX3ms Pc-vqw3fs PpX3ms ncbs np Pc-vqw3fp Pa-ncbp Pr Pp- ncfpcX3ms Pp+Pa-ncfp Pr vqp3cp Pp+Pa-ncbs Pc-vnw3mp ncmpcX3ms Pp-Pp ncfdcX3ms ; 5 5 5 ++ 5 8 : I3 Judg 15:14 I found Israel like grapes in the wilderness; I saw your forefathers as the earliest fruit on the fig tree in its first season. But they came to Baal-peor and devoted themselves to shame, And they were as detestable as that which they loved. Pp+Pa-ncmp Pp+Pa-ncms vqp1cs np Pp-ncfs Pp-ncfs Pp-ncfscX3fs vqp1cs ncmpcX2mp pi3mp vqp3cp np Pc-vnw3mp Pp+Pa-ncfs Pc- vqw3mp ncmp Pp-vqcX3mp F 3 + B + 3 8 2 1 Hos 9:10

8.5.1.1.3.4 With Indicating Possession

Machir took a wife for Huppim and Shuppim, whose sisters name was Maacah. And the name of the second was Zelophehad, and Zelophehad had daughters. Pc-np vqp3ms ncfs Pp-np Pc-Pp-np Pc-ncmsc ncfscX3ms np Pc-ncmsc Pa-ams np Pc-vqw3fp Pp-np ncfp E E - - ; 8 + 5 1 Chr 7:15 Bela had sons: Addar, Gera, Abihud, Pc-vqw3mp ncmp Pp-np np Pc-np Pc-np 8 C 1 Chr 8:3 He defeated Moab, and the Moabites became servants to David, bringing tribute. Pc-vhw3ms Po-np Pc-vqw3mp np ncmp Pp-np vqPmpc ncfs + 4 8 F ; + 1 Chr 18:2 242 And it had strong branches fit for scepters of rulers, And its height was raised above the clouds So that it was seen in its height with the mass of its branches. Pc-vqw3mp-PpX3fs ncmpc ncms Pp-ncmpc vqPmp Pc-vqw3fs ncfscX3ms Pp-Pp ncbp Pc- vnw3msXa Pp-ncmscX3ms Pp- ncms ncfpcX3ms 6 +M B ; + B C5 8 ; ; ; C Ezek 19:11 Their names were Oholah the elder and Oholibah her sister. And they became Mine, and they bore sons and daughters. And as for their names, Samaria is Oholah and Jerusalem is Oholibah. Pc-ncmpcX3fp np Pa-afs Pc-np ncfscX3fs Pc-vqw3fp PpX1cs Pc- vqw3fp ncmp Pc-ncfp Pc- ncmpcX3fp np np Pc-np np B + 2 +G 2 + + 5 5 8 2 2 + + Ezek 23:4 Shobal the father of Kiriath- jearim had sons: Haroeh, half of the Manahathites, Pc-vqw3mp ncmp Pp-np ncmsc np Pa-np ncms Pa-np H + 8 + O3 ; 1 Chr 2:52 Then he put garrisons in Edom, and all the Edomites were David’s servants. And the LORD helped David wherever he went. Pc-vqw3msXa Pp-np ncmp Pc- vqw3mp ncmsc-np ncmp Pp-np Pc- vhw3msXa np Po-np Pp-ncms Pr vqp3ms + : F + : 84 + 1 Chr 18:13 After two full years Absalom had sheepshearers in Baal-hazor, which is near Ephraim, and Absalom invited all the kings sons. Pc-vqw3msXa Pp-ncfd ncmp Pc- vqw3mp vqPmp Pp-np Pp np Pr Pp- np Pc-vqw3ms np Pp-ncmsc-ncmpc Pa-ncms +H + C; 84 3 + 2 Sam 13:23 243

8.5.1.1.3.5 With Meaning “became”

For each one threw down his staff and they turned into serpents. But Aarons staff swallowed up their staffs. Pc-vhw3mp ncms ncmscX3ms Pc- vqw3mp Pp-ncmp Pc-vqw3ms ncmsc-np Po-ncmpcX3mp M 8 M ; M Exod 7:12 and the earth opened its mouth and swallowed them up along with Korah, when that company died, when the fire devoured 250 men, so that they became a warning. Pc-vqw3fs Pa-ncbs Po-ncmscX3fs Pc-vqw3fs PoX3mp Pc-Po-np Pp- vqc Pa-ncfs Pp-vqc Pa-ncbs Po abp Pc-afd ncms Pc-vqw3mp Pp-ncms 5 0 55 + 8 - Num 26:10 Zebulun did not drive out the inhabitants of Kitron, or the inhabitants of Nahalol; so the Canaanites lived among them and became subject to forced labor. np Pn vhp3ms Po-vqPmpc np Pc- Po-vqPmpc np Pc-vqw3msXa Pa-np Pp-ncmscX3ms Pc-vqw3mp Pp+Pa- ncms + 6 + + ? E ; ? + 8 Judg 1:30 yet the Amorites persisted in living in Mount Heres, in Aijalon and in Shaalbim; but when the power of the house of Joseph grew strong, they became forced labor. Pc-vhw3msXa Pa-np Pp-vqc Pp- ncms-np Pp-np Pc-Pp-np Pc-vqw3fs ncfsc ncmsc-np Pc-vqw3mp Pp+Pa- ncms + : + 9 + 5 8 Judg 1:35 They were for testing Israel, to find out if they would obey the commandments of the LORD, which He had commanded their fathers through Moses. Pc-vqw3mp Pp-vpc PpX3mp Po-np Pp-vqc Pg-vqi3mp Po-ncfpc np Pr- vpp3ms Po-ncmpcX3mp Pp-ncfsc- np F +I ; 8 + Judg 3:4 244 The sons of Benjamin gathered together behind Abner and became one band, and they stood on the top of a certain hill. Pc-vtw3mp ncmpc-np Pd np Pc- vqw3mp Pp+Pa-ncfs afs Pc- vqw3mp Pp ncms-ncfs afs CO 8 G ; 2 Sam 2:25 Therefore My wrath and My anger were poured out and burned in the cities of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem, so they have become a ruin and a desolation as it is this day. Pc-vqw3fs ncfscX1cs Pc- ncmscX1cs Pc-vqw3fs Pp-ncfpc np Pc-Pp-ncmpc np Pc-vqw3fp Pp-ncfs Pp-ncfs Pp+Pa-ncms Pa-ams 5 455 +E 8 . + 5 Jer 44:6

8.5.1.1.3.6 With Meaning “became” and Indicating Possession

They buried the bones of Joseph, which the sons of Israel brought up from Egypt, at Shechem, in the piece of ground which Jacob had bought from the sons of Hamor the father of Shechem for one hundred pieces of money; and they became the inheritance of Josephs sons. Pc-Po-ncfpc np Pr-vhp3cp ncmpc- np Pp-np vqp3cp Pp-np Pp-ncfsc Pa-ncms Pr vqp3ms np Pp-Pp ncmpc-np ncmsc-np Pp-afs ncfs Pc- vqw3mp Pp-ncmpc-np Pp-ncfs F : 9 + + K 3 + 6 F 8 9 + Josh 24:32 David had also taken Ahinoam of Jezreel, and they both became his wives. Pc-Po-np vqp3ms np Pp-np Pc- vqw3fp Pc-afdcX3fp PpX3ms Pp- ncfp ; 8 ; 5 G 5 1 Sam 25:43 Those who had escaped from the sword he carried away to Babylon; and they were servants to him and to his sons until the rule of the kingdom of Persia, Pc-vhw3msXa Pa-ncfs Pp-Pa-ncfs Pp-np Pc-vqw3mp-PpX3ms Pc-Pp- ncmpcX3ms Pp+Pa-ncmp Pp-vqc ncfsc np - C 4? ; 8 2 Chr 36:20 245 And served their idols, which became a snare to them. Pc-vqw3mp Po-ncmpcX3mp Pc- vqw3mp PpX3mp Pp-ncms 8 + Psa 106:36 They were scattered for lack of a shepherd, and they became food for every beast of the field and were scattered. Pc-vqw3fp Pp-Pd vqPms Pc-vqw3fp Pp-ncfs Pp-ncmsc-ncfsc Pa-ncms Pc-vqw3fp ; 5 8 5 K 5 Ezek 34:5 “As I live,” declares the Lord GOD, “surely because My flock has become a prey, My flock has even become food for all the beasts of the field for lack of a shepherd, and My shepherds did not search for My flock, but rather the shepherds fed themselves and did not feed My flock; ams-pi1cs ncmsc np np Pd-Pn Pd vqc-ncfscX1cs Pp+Pa-ncms Pc- vqw3fp ncfscX1cs Pp-ncfs Pp- ncmsc-ncfsc Pa-ncms Pp-Pd vqPms Pc-Pn-vqp3cp vqPmpcX1cs Po- ncfscX1cs Pc-vqw3mp Pa-vqPmp PoX3mp Pc-Po-ncfscX1cs Pn vqp3cp ; E 5 + : ? ; K ; ; ? 8 ? + Ezek 34:8 Jahath was the first and Zizah the second; but Jeush and Beriah did not have many sons, so they became a fathers household, one class. Pc-vqw3msXa-np Pa-ncms Pc-np Pa-ams Pc-np Pc-np Pn-vhp3cp ncmp Pc-vqw3mp Pp-ncmsc ncms Pp-ncfs afs - ; ? 8 E 1 Chr 23:11 246

8.5.1.1.3.7 With Meaning “for”

The others came out from the city to encounter them, so that they were trapped in the midst of Israel, some on this side and some on that side; and they slew them until no one was left of those who survived or escaped. Pc-acp vqp3cp Pp-Pa-ncfs Pp- vqcX3mp Pc-vqw3mp Pp-np Pp+Pa-ncms acp Pp-ams Pc-acp Pp- ams Pc-vhw3mp PoX3mp Pp-Pp vhp3ms-PpX3ms ncms Pc-ncms , . , . , 4 5 F 5 + 86 F ; Josh 8:22 Yet they did not obey or incline their ear, but walked in their own counsels and in the stubbornness of their evil heart, and went backward and not forward. Pc-Pn vqp3cp Pc-Pn-vhp3cp Po- ncfscX3mp Pc-vqw3mp Pp-ncfp Pp-ncfsc ncmscX3mp Pa-ams Pc- vqw3mp Pp-ncms Pc-Pn Pp-ncmp M ? ? + 8 ? + Jer 7:24

8.5.1.1.3.8 With

But Jeroboam had set an ambush to come from the rear, so that Israel was in front of Judah and the ambush was behind them. Pc-np vhp3ms Po-Pa-ncms Pp-vqc Pp-PdX3mp Pc-vqw3mp Pp-ncbpc np Pc-Pa-ncms Pp-PdX3mp + 3 8 3 2 Chr 13:13 247

8.5.1.1.3.9 With

Saul chose for himself 3,000 men of Israel, of which 2,000 were with Saul in Michmash and in the hill country of Bethel, while 1,000 were with Jonathan at Gibeah of Benjamin. But he sent away the rest of the people, each to his tent. Pc-vqw3ms-PpX3ms np amsc amp Pp-np Pc-vqw3mp Pp-np amd Pp-np Pc-Pp-ncms np Pc-ams vqp3cp Pp- np Pp-np np Pc-ncmsc Pa-ncms vpp3ms ncms Pp-ncmpcX3ms F ? ; F + 9 , C 8 1 Sam 13:2 Everyone who was in distress, and everyone who was in debt, and everyone who was discontented gathered to him; and he became captain over them. There were about four hundred men with him. Pc-vtw3mp PpX3ms ncmsc-ncms ncms Pc-ncmsc-ncms Pr-PpX3ms vqPms Pc-ncmsc-ncms amsc-ncfs Pc-vqw3msXa PpX3mp Pp-ncms Pc-vqw3mp PpX3ms Pp-afs afp ncms + ; ; F 8 + ;3 1 Sam 22:2 In 1 Kgs 1:7, there is a unique case of the expression , with the sense of conferring with someone. He conferred with Joab the son of Zeruiah and with Abiathar the priest; and following Adonijah they helped him. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpcX3ms Pp np ncmsc-np Pc-Pp np Pa-ncms Pc- vqw3mp Pd np + 8 ; 1 Kgs 1:7 8.5.1.2 DEICTIC Uses of The DEICTIC use of is parallel to the section above. The same use of is found in both. 248 I turned and came down from the mountain and put the tablets in the ark which I had made; and there they are, as the LORD commanded me.” Pc-vqw1csXa Pc-vqw1cs Pp-Pa- ncms Pc-vqw1cs Po-Pa-ncmp Pp+Pa-ncbs Pr vqp1cs Pc-vqw3mp Pd Pp-Pr vpp3msX1cs np + ,E F 8 F Deut 10:5 Joshua set up twelve stones in the middle of the Jordan at the place where the feet of the priests who carried the ark of the covenant were standing, and they are there to this day. Pc-afd afs ncfp vhp3ms np Pp- ncmsc Pa-np Pp ncmsc ncfdc Pa- ncmp vqPmpc ncbsc Pa-ncfs Pc- vqw3mp Pd Pp Pa-ncms Pa-ams E+ F 5 C J 5 4+ 8 . + + F ; Josh 4:9 The name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife, Naomi; and the names of his two sons were Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of Bethlehem in Judah. Now they entered the land of Moab and remained there. Pc-ncmsc Pa-ncms np Pc-ncmsc ncfscX3ms np Pc-ncmsc amdc- ncmpcX3ms np Pc-np np Pp np np Pc-vqw3mpXa ncmpc-np Pc- vqw3mp-Pd 2 ;5 4 : + + H 8 + F Ruth 1:2 and the Beerothites fled to Gittaim and have been aliens there until this day. Pc-vqw3mp Pa-np npXd Pc- vqw3mp-Pd vqPmp Pp Pa-ncms Pa- ams 5G ; 8 . + G 2 Sam 4:3 The three sons of Zeruiah were there, Joab and Abishai and Asahel; and Asahel was as swift- footed as one of the gazelles which is in the field. Pc-vqw3mp-Pd ams ncmpc np np Pc-np Pc-np Pc-np ams Pp- ncfdcX3ms Pp-ams Pa-ncmp Pr Pp+Pa-ncms + ? C F F 8 K J 2 Sam 2:18 249 But the poles were so long that the ends of the poles could be seen from the holy place before the inner sanctuary, but they could not be seen outside; they are there to this day. Pc-vhw3mp Pa-ncmp Pc-vnw3mp ncmpc Pa-ncmp Pp-Pa-ncms Pp- ncbpc Pa-ncms Pc-Pn vni3mp Pa- ncmscXd Pc-vqw3mp Pd Pp Pa- ncms Pa-ams 1 ? 8 . + 1 Kgs 8:8 They were there with David three days, eating and drinking, for their kinsmen had prepared for them. Pc-vqw3mp-Pd Pp-np ncmp ams vqPmp Pc-vqPmp Pp-vhp3cp PpX3mp ncmpcX3mp + 8 + 1 Chr 12:40 39 8.5.1.3 DESCRIPTIVE Uses of There are two sections of DESCRIPTIVE occurrences. In the first, the examples are essentially identical to the descriptive uses of discussed above: 8.5.1.3.1 DESCRIPTIVE with ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENT And the man and his wife were both naked and were not ashamed. Pc-vqw3mp amdcX3mp amp Pa- ncms Pc-ncfscX3ms Pc-Pn vvi3mp ;5 3 8 ? Gen 2:25 The leaders said to them, “Let them live.” So they were hewers of wood and drawers of water for the whole congregation, just as the leaders had spoken to them. Pc-vqw3mp PpX3mp Pa-ncmp vqi3mp{1}Jm Pc-vqw3mp vqPmpc ncmp Pc-vqPmpc-ncmp Pp-ncmsc- Pa-ncfs Pp-Pr vpp3cp PpX3mp Pa- ncmp F ; 6 8 F Josh 9:21 250 David answered the priest and said to him, “Surely women have been kept from us as previously when I set out and the vessels of the young men were holy, though it was an ordinary journey; how much more then today will their vessels be holy? ” Pc-vqw3msXa np Po-Pa-ncms Pc- vqw3ms PpX3ms Pp Pd-ncfs vqsfs- PpX1cp Pp-Pd Pd Pp-vqcX1cs Pc- vqw3mp ncmpc-Pa-ncmp ncms Pc- pi3ms ncbs ncms Pc-Pc Pp Pa-ncms vqi3ms Pp+Pa-ncms ; ; + E - 4 8 + 9 1 Sam 21:6 5 They also feared the LORD and appointed from among themselves priests of the high places, who acted for them in the houses of the high places. Pc-vqw3mp amp Po-np Pc-vqw3mp PpX3mp Pp-ncfpcX3mp ncmpc ncfp Pc-vqw3mp vqPmp PpX3mp Pp-ncmsc Pa-ncfp + + F 8 + F 2 Kgs 17:32 So while these nations feared the LORD, they also served their idols; their children likewise and their grandchildren, as their fathers did, so they do to this day. Pc-vqw3mp Pa-ncmp Pa-acp amp Po-np Pc-Po-ncmpcX3mp vqp3cp vqPmp Pc-ncmpcX3mp Pc-ncmpc ncmpcX3mp Pp-Pr vqp3cp ncmpcX3mp pi3mp vqPmp Pp Pa- ncms Pa-ams , +G G F 8 . + F 2 Kgs 17:41 The sons of Ulam were mighty men of valor, archers, and had many sons and grandsons, 150 of them. All these were of the sons of Benjamin. Pc-vqw3mp ncmpc-np ncmp ampc- ncms vqPmpc ncfs Pc-vhPmp ncmp Pc-ncmpc ncmp afs Pc-abp ncmsc- acp Pp-ncmpc np G ; 8 , - 1 Chr 8:40 251 There were ninety-six exposed pomegranates; all the pomegranates numbered a hundred on the network all around. Pc-vqw3mp Pa-ncmp amp Pc-ams ncbsXd ncmsc-Pa-ncmp afs Pp-Pa- ncfs Pd - 5 3 8 K +3 Jer 52:23 8.5.1.3.2 DESCRIPTIVE with QAL PASSIVE The second section of two occurrences of with the QAL PASSIVE are unique. This uniqueness, however, should not be attributed to some peculiarity of . The QAL PASSIVE could just as well have been used with . Afterward Joshua struck them and put them to death, and he hanged them on five trees; and they hung on the trees until evening. Pc-vhw3msX3mp np Pd-Pd Pc- vhw3msX3mp Pc-vqw3msX3mp Pp ams ncmp Pc-vqw3mp vqsmp Pp- Pa-ncmp Pp-Pa-ncms E+ - 8 5 Josh 10:26 David came to his house at Jerusalem, and the king took the ten women, the concubines whom he had left to keep the house, and placed them under guard and provided them with sustenance, but did not go in to them. So they were shut up until the day of their death, living as widows. Pc-vqw3msXa np Pp-ncmscX3ms np Pc-vqw3ms Pa-ncms Po afs-ncfp ncfp Pr vhp3ms Pp-vqc Pa-ncms Pc- vqw3msX3mp ncmsc-ncfs Pc- vdw3msX3mp Pc-PpX3mp Pn- vqp3ms Pc-vqw3fp vqsfp Pp-ncms vqcX3fp ncfsc ncfs ; C F 4 3 1 5 ? 8 E + + O 5 2 Sam 20:3 These examples are evidence of the limited corpus of data provided by the Hebrew Bible, which is an important consideration in any study of this type. The 252 existence of only two unique occurrences does not necessarily make them unusual. The Hebrew Bible does not provide examples of every possible structure that normal usage of the language would have produced. This is an important point for the student or grammarian to consider when tempted to make claims regarding what Hebrew can and cannot say. It is appropriate to make statements about what does and does not occur in the text of the Hebrew Bible, but caution needs to be exercised in making claims about the language as a whole when there is a limited corpus.

8.5.1.4 Summary of the Uses of

The preceding display of the occurrences of gives important supporting evidence for the functions of as a verb. What is equally instructive and even more intriguing is the absence of any temporal uses of . This highlights the unique role of in temporal constructions, which is the complex issue dealt with in the next chapter. 253 CHAPTER 9 THE TEMPORAL USES OF

9.1 Overview

Besides the verbal use of , the other major use is in temporal clauses. Again, the occurrences are categorized according to the syntactic environment where occurs. The primary purpose of this chapter is to present the remaining 408 occurrences of , but at different points throughout the display of the data certain comments and observations are necessary. More detailed discussion of the functions of is found in Chapter 10. One of the added dimensions to the analysis in this chapter is the increased concern with the context in which the temporal expression with occurs. In the verbal uses, for example, in Gen 12:10, There was a famine in the land; so Abram went down to Egypt to sojourn there, for the famine was severe in the land. Pc-vqw3msXa ncms Pp+Pa-ncbs Pc-vqw3msXa np npXd Pp-vqc Pd Pp-ams Pa-ncms Pp+Pa-ncbs 80 C Gen 12:10 the analysis of is primarily concerned with its local use as an integral component of the verbal clause: the WAYYIQTOL form of . 0 is an independent 254 clause, but the temporal expressions considered in this chapter are dependent clauses, giving them a very different syntactic relationship with what follows. For this reason, the temporal expressions need to be analyzed not merely in terms of their own internal structure, but in terms of how they connect to adjacent clauses. This does not deny the importance of careful examination of the context in which independent clauses occur, but the analysis of the dependent, temporal clauses introduces complexities which are not involved in the verbal uses of . This is why attention needs to be given to whether the temporal expression with is followed by a WAYYIQTOL or QATAL . One dimension is the set of components which occur with in the temporal expression itself; the connection of the entire temporal expression with the next clause is another dimension of this analysis. The main divisions of this chapter are: 9.2 Introduction to Temporal Expressions in Biblical Hebrew 9.3 Temporal Expressions with 9.4 Summary of the Temporal Uses of Section 9.3 is the heart of this chapter, containing all the data displayed in the following categories: 9.3.1 With 9.3.2 With Prepositions 9.3.3 With

9.3.4 With

255 9.3.5 With Specific Temporal Reference 9.3.6 Occurrences of with Adverbs The number of occurrences of in each category varies widely. In 9.3.2, for example, two of the largest sections are those which display the uses of followed by the prepositions and . The summary which concludes this chapter sets the stage for the discussion in Chapter 10, the Discourse-Pragmatic uses of .

9.2 Introduction to Temporal Expressions in Biblical Hebrew