Winther-Nielsen, A Functional Discourse Grammar of Joshua. A

44

3.4.9 Winther-Nielsen, A Functional Discourse Grammar of Joshua. A

Computer-assisted Rhetorical Structure Analysis , 1995 Winther-Nielsen’s study of Joshua implements a combination of concepts and principles from Longacre and Talstra, as well as from Rhetorical Structure Analysis Mann and Thompson 1987. Winther-Nielsen states that [p]articles like ‘and-it was’ N, [sic] ‘and-now’ D, and ‘and-it-will be’ and ‘and-look’ ND are treated as “macro-syntactic signs” Niccacci 1990: § 12 33, or discourse markers. Winther-Nielsen 1995, 71 This comment shows the influence of Richter and Schneider on Winther-Nielsen in identifying as a discourse marker. Later on, Winther-Nielsen summarizes the different roles can play: Often the discourse marker opens this wayyiqtol-w -… qatal sequence. Part of the problem with is to distinguish its pragmatic use from predicate functions like l ‘and it became a slave laborer’ 16:10c Eskhult 1990:30. The can both open a new major unit in the story and link otherwise unrelated minor subdivisions as either episode or sub-episode marker. The discourse marker is often followed by a temporal adverbial adjunct as in … ‘and it happened after many days after that Yahweh had given peace…’ 23:1a. The can be followed by a one-member adverbial clause like ‘when-come- she’ 15:18a, is sometimes followed by two infinitives cf. 3:14 and may cluster at peaks 6:15-16 The can occur in narrative embedded within direct speech 2:5a. Winther-Nielsen 1995, 286 Winther-Nielsen’s statement that part of the problem is to distinguish its pragmatic use from its predicate functions highlights the complexities of ’s occurrences and uses. The statement that “can both open a new major unit in the story and link otherwise unrelated minor subdivisions as either episode or sub-episode 45 marker” is more helpful than merely using the term “discourse marker,” but at the same time, it does not help the reader know when has which function. The additional comments about adverbial clauses being followed by infinitives, etc. help further specify how and where is used, but the function in these environments is still unclear. To clearly understand the uses and functions of , greater precision is needed.

3.4.10 Exter Blokland, In Search of Text Syntax, 1995