Williams, Hebrew Syntax: An Outline Joüon-Muraoka, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew

259 Regarding the use of prepositions with the infinitive constructs, Davidson states that “[w]hen is expressed by , with infin., or by , with finite verb or nominal cl.” Gibson 1994, 157, but there is no discussion of the parameters that govern the choice of or with the infinitive. To state that , , , and are all used to mean “when” helps separate these items from the others that are considered , , , , and Gibson 1994, 157-58, but it obscures the fact that , , , and are not all the same in usage and meaning. As discussed in 9.2.1.1, certain decisions have to be made to restrict the amount of information given in an introductory grammar, but proper distinctions in meaning and usage should be made.

9.2.1.4 Williams, Hebrew Syntax: An Outline

Even though Williams’ Outline is not a “proper” grammar or syntax, the amount of information it contains is very similar to that found in most traditional grammars. Williams includes a discussion of the use of prepositions with infinitive constructs as temporal clauses, stating that “[p]repositions governing an infinitive may replace such clauses” Williams 1976, 84. Examples are given of as “when” and meaning “as soon as.” In addition, Williams discusses clauses “[i]ntroduced by the conjunction , having the meaning ‘when,’ e.g. ; , ‘when he had been there a long time’ Gn 26:8” Williams 1976, 83. It is good to differentiate between and , but it is questionable that only means “as soon as” See further discussion of examples with in 9.3.2.2 below.. Also, unfortunately, Williams makes no distinction between and as “when.” 260 In his discussion of temporal clauses, Williams repeats the example given in GKC §164b1 of “[s]imple juxtaposition, meaning ‘when,’ e.g. 5 ; 5 , ‘When she had finished giving him a drink, she said’ Gn 24:19” Williams 1976, 83. This point will not be dealt with in detail here, but as stated above, this claim has important ramifications that will be discussed in Chapter 10.

9.2.1.5 Joüon-Muraoka, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew

Concerning the use of and , Joüon-Muraoka states that indicates, properly speaking, the inclusion of an action in the time of another; indicates, strictly speaking, the correspondence of two actions in time: the time of one is like that of the other. Joüon-Muraoka 1996, 625 Not only does Joüon-Muraoka differentiate between and , but an attempt is made to get at the reason for the difference in meaning by expressing their particular nuance in temporal clauses. The description of indicating “the inclusion of an action in the time of another” seems more intuitive than that of indicating that “the time of one is like that of the other.” This is an attempt to extend the lexical meaning of the prepositions to their use in temporal expressions. There is significant cognitive support for maintaining the connection between the lexical meaning and the temporal nuances, but it is unclear what is meant by indicating that one time is like another. The discussion of the examples with later in this chapter provide the basis for evaluating these claims. This matter will be discussed in further detail in the next chapter. 261

9.2.1.6 Lambdin, Introduction to Biblical Hebrew