27 sound. When the sound in the preceding syllable is assimilated to the next sound it
is called anticipatory assimilation or regressive assimilation, or simply leftforward assimilation. When the direction goes forward from the causing sound
to the affected sound it is said as perseveratory assimilation, or progressive assimilation, or rightforward assimilation.
Assimilation also has relationship with geminates. Geminates is double consonants sound in sequence Harris, 1996. Therefore, when assimilation
happens and changes one sound to be same to neighbor sound, so that there are two identical sounds, it is named gemination.
e. Insertion
The opposite way of sound deletion is sound insertion. This strategy adds a sound into a word. Nathan 2008 explained two reasons of applying insertion.
Firstly, the insertion is done to prevent consonant cluster that violate syllable structure. Secondly, it is applied to ease transition between segments that have
multiple incompatible. There are three major types of insertion divided by the position the sound
is placed. The first one is prothesis. In this type, the sound precedes the initial word. For example, the word special becomes [espesial] and Snoopy becomes
[esnupi]. The second one is epenthesis. This type inserts a sound in the middle of the word. For example, the word film is pronounced as [
fılәm
]. The last type, paragoge, is a kind of insertion which is added in the final word. It is often used
by Korean speakers because not all consonants can be placed in final. So, to make
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28 it sounds, they add vowel in the end of the word, or example, ice [
aısә
]. It happens because the letter s is pronounced as t instead of s in the final. Thus, the
speaker add the short vowel, schwa sound, to make it sound.
f. Syllabic Structure
Generally, a word is composed of one or more syllables. One word can have one or more syllables. Syllable itself is a phonological unit built of
phonemes Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2007. Phoneme is individual sound represented by certain symbol. Within one word, there are various type of
phonemes, such as nucleus, onset, and coda. One syllable should have one nucleus. Nucleus is the core of sound. It is usually vowel, or sometimes it can be
syllabic liquid or nasal. One syllable will be named as syllable must be composed of at least one nucleus, without it the syllable does not sound. Letter N is used to
be the symbol of it. There are also other individual sounds, onset and coda. Onset is consonants, one or more, which precede the nucleus. While, coda is consonant
which follow the nucleus. In the hierarchical structure, which uses syllable tree, rime occurs as the roof of nucleus and coda or nucleus itself. The following is the
example of hierarchical structure of syllable.
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29
Figure 2.4 Hierarchical structure
McMahon 2002 stated that there were two types of syllable, open and closed one. In open syllable, there are only two possible phoneme classes, onset
and nucleus. Coda does not appear in this type of syllable. While, closed syllable has code to be the border of syllable.
Within closed syllable there are two phenomena where the coda modification is allowed. They are onset maximalism and gemination.
1 Onset Maximalism
Within a syllable, there is a sequence. The ordinary one is onset, nucleus and coda sequence or C-V-C. However, consonant has a better sound if it is
placed in the initial syllable. Therefore, the strategy onset maximalism occurs. Onset maximalism is the strategy which rearrange a syllable syllable. When in the
initial syllable there is a coda, using onset maximalism strategy the coda will be
consonant consonant vowel consonant
O O N C R
σ
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30 moved into initial of the followed syllable. This strategy has a nature to move
code into onset as many as possible Mcmahon, 2002. For example, the word leader is chosen. Naturally, this word is segmented as lead.er or
liːd.ər
. However, when this strategy applied, the word will be pronounced as
liː
and
dər
. The d is not be pronounced in the first syllable but the second one.
This strategy is also used for ambisyllabic sound. Ambisyllabic sound is the sound which belongs to the previous syllable as the coda but it sounds as if it
is the part of the next syllable as the initial sound. Therefore, within word contains ambisyllabic sound, onset maximalism is applied. The word which has
ambisylabic sound is cover. Phonologically, this word is produced as
kʌv.ər
but usually it sounds as
kʌ.vər
. However, there are some rules within this strategy. Not all codas can be
changed into onset. When the syllable contains consonant cluster in the end syllable, it does not mean that all consonants should be moved into the next
syllable because the rules of consonants combination between initial consonant cluster and ending consonant cluster are different, for example falter. This word
has consonant cluster in the ending of the syllable but not all consonants can be moved into onset position. The cluster lt does not exist in the initial syllable, so
that only t is moved into the next syllable, from
fɒlt.ər
to be
fɒl.tər
. Similar to English, Korean syllable can be both open and closed one.
Korean also applied onset maximalism in the syllable. The word walk 걸 has two way to pronounced. When it is followed by consonant such 걸다 geol-da, the
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31 word is pronounced as geol-da
gɒldʌ
. While, when it is followed by vowel, onset maximalism will be directly applied as 걸어 geol-eo which is pronounced
as geo-reo
gɒrɒ
Lee and Ramsey, 2000.
2 Gemination
Geminates are double or long consonants Harris, 1996. Katamba 1996 also stated that sounds were geminated if the same consonantal articulation is held
for the duration of two consonantal beats. The former explanation also can be named true gemination. There is also the fake one. Fake geminates are pairs of
identical consonants which accidentally occur together as a result of juxtaposition of two morphemes.
C. Theoretical Framework
As the framework, some points can be summed up. Between English and Korean language there are some sounds which are absent. Thus, the Koreans use
the sounds which are present in their language to label the absent language. In this case is labiodental fricatives. Koreans use the variation of p and b which have
the highest quality of similarity as the labeling to f and v. The variation of bilabial plosives are used because Korean speakers have no minimal pairs, the lax-
aspirated-tense sounds occur depends on the position or the neighbor. In relation to the problems of this study, phonological analysis of
labiodental fricatives performed by Koreans, will be analyzed based on theories presented in the theoretical description. In case inaccuracy is found out, the
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