Place of Articulation English Phonology

14

B. Theoretical Description

This part deals with three parts where each part deals with different languages or both. In the first part the writer presents theories related to English phonology, whereas the next part is about Korean language. Then, in the last part, the theory of possible phonology strategies are discussed.

1. English Phonology

Collins and Mees 2003 states that phonology is a study of the selection patterns of sounds in a single language. Therefore, when it deals with English it becomes English phonology. Phonology brings three issues that can be examined; one of them that also will be used in this research is articulation. Articulation deals with the changing place of tongue, lips, teeth, and other speech organs to produce certain sounds. Generally in articulation there are three important aspects, they are place of articulation, manner of articulation, and energy of articulation.

a. Place of Articulation

Place of articulation enlightens where the sound is produced, where the air stream can be modified to produce a different sound. 1 Labial If the sound produced with closure or near closure of the lips it is called as labial sound. Labial sound itself still undergoes some modification. If in sound PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 15 producing the both lips, whether the upper or the lower one, involved, the sound is named as bilabial, for examples are b, p, or m. While, if the sound is produced with the involving of upper teeth and lower lip, it is called labio-dental sound, they are f and v. 2 Dental Sound that is produced with involving the tongue placed againts or near the teeth is called as dentals. If the tongue place between the teeth, the sound is named as interdentals. Here are the sound that related to dental, thing gɪŋ and this ðɪs . 3 Alveolar Alveolar ridge is a small ridge stick out from behind the upper front teeth within the oral cavity. Alveolar sound itself is produced when the tongue touch near the ridge. 4 Palato-alveolar and Palatal Behind the alveolar ridge, there is an area called as palate-alveolar, the roof of the mouth which rises sharply. There is the highest part of the roof of the mouth named palate. Therefore, the sound produced there is called as palatals. 5 Velar The soft area towards the rear of the roof of the mouth is called velum. When the sound produced with the tongue touching or near this position are called velars. Another sound produced is labiovelars, sound that produced because the tongue is raised near the velum and the lips are rounded in the same time. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 16 6 Uvulars Uvular is the sound produced with the tongue near or touching the uvula area, the small fleshy flap of tissue hanging down from the velum. 7 Pharyngeals The area of the throat between the uvula and the larynx is known as the pharynx. Sound made through the modification of airflow in this region by retracting the tongue or constricting the pharynx are called pharyngeals. 8 Glotal Sound produced by using the vocal folds as the primary articulators at the glottis are glottal.

b. Manner of Articulation