Review of Related Study

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter covers three major parts. The first part is a review of former research which discusses about the role of the first language of Korean speaker in the development of English in Korea. The second part exposes theoretical review related to English. This part discusses about labiodental fricatives and the nature of English phonology . The following part within same part present the theoretical review related to Korean language or Hangul. This part presents the discussion about the characteristics of Korean language based on its original sounds. Then, still in the same section, there is a part which discusses the phonological strategies usually used in interlingual language. The last, the third part, is the theoretical framework which discusses the application of the theory within the study.

A. Review of Related Study

The previous research which was conducted by Anna Marie Schmidt from Kent State University, Ohio, discussed about the consonant labeling between Korean Language and English. This research talked about consonants identification happened within cross-language. This research focused on Korean perception towards English. This research stated that it was impossible to have all sounds of one language are exactly same towards another language. Therefore, the interlingual PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 12 identification occurred. It was an action where the L2 speakers tried to substitute the L1 phonemes they perceive to be most familiar to L2 phonemes. This research had three goals. Firstly, this study wanted to examine the perceptual relationship between consonants in Korean and English. This part did not only see the differences but also the possible similarities. Here the writer wanted to see which specific L2 sound were perceived as most similar to which specific L1 sound when L2 speakers substitute sound using their L1. Then, the second goal was to examine the labeling and assessment of the differences towards vowel context because the phonetic detail between Korean and English is different. The last one, this study had a goal to assess token-to-token variability. The next one was method. Due to discussing the cross-language perception towards English by Koreans, the stimuli which was used must be English. The recordings of this research were made of 3 monological female native speakers sound production. They actually spoke standart American English. Besides, the selected stimuli was 594 syllable which was goten from the accumulation of 3 repetition x 22 consonants x 3 vowels x 3 talkers. The vowels used were i ɑ u . The objects which in this research was called as the listeners were 20 12 male, 8 female native Korean in age ranging from 21 to 38. All the listeners were able to read and write English. Length of living in U.S. was in ranging from 4 months to 5.5 years. However, they lived in Korean-speaking environment and used at least 50 of their time to communicate using Korean. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 13 After discussing about the goals and the method, now is the time for exposing the result. Though English consonants were labeled as a greater variety of Korean consonants, those results agreed with the finding of Kim 1972 that d g dʒ were covered in Korean, whereas b v were consistently labeled as the lax Korean p. Besides, English ð was labeled as t p tʃ in Korean. English f g were also labeled as various Korean consonants including Koran p h p h s t. In this research voiced English consonants were labeled as both tense and lax Korean consonants. Due to focusing on labiodental fricatives, the current study only focused on the result of sound f and v labeling in the former research. In the former research, the English f stimuli were in major labeled as Korean labial stop, even the rating was low. While, English v was labeled mostly as Korean lax p. Generally, Korean bilinguals were able to label L2 consonants with the term of L1 consonants. However, individual will differ their own categorization of L2 consonants though there were some relationships between specific L1 and L2 consonants which will not be completely predicted. The result supported theories of speech perception which stated that perception is context specific rather than phonemically abstract. The result is also supported by the Bests theory that L2 will be assimilated to similar sound in L1. This research showed that the English v labeled as Korean p, while English f was produced more accurately. However, sometimes, the Koreans still labeled f with p. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 14

B. Theoretical Description