89 in the end of word, whereas epenthesis adds vowel or consonant in the middle or
in the initial of word Jenkins, 2009. After observing the result, we saw there were only three performances from total hundreds performances which is
applying insertion. The first one discussed is paragoge. Paragoge is vowel insertion into consonant at syllable final. Basically, paragoge uses schwa sound or
ə
, but in this study the vowel inserted was
ʌ
. This sound was added to the word love. The speaker pronounced it as
lɒvʌ
. This short vowel was added to ease the speaker to pronounce the labiodental fricative sound because for Korean speaker
the sound was easier to produce when placed before vowel instead of placing in the final.
Similar to paragoge, epenthesis is also applied to ease the sound
production. If paragoge adds vowel in the end of word, epenthesis adds vowel
between two other sounds to facilitate the pronunciation Jenkins, 2009. In this case, the word evepything had consonant cluster in the second syllable, so that the
sound
ə
was added between the sound v and r to be
evərɪtɪŋ
. This strategy is applied because Korean does not permit consonant cluster in syllable-initial
position.
6. Omitting the Consonant before Labiodental Fricative Sound
Korean speaker found difficulty when they had to pronounce consonant in the sequence so that they often omitted one consonant to ease the pronunciation.
The following was the number of the performances.
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90
Table 4.17: Omitting Consonant before the Labiodental Fricative Sound
No Sound
Total Frequency based on group of classification
f in single
word f in word
group v in
single word
v in word group
f and v in single
word and word
group
1 Bilabial plosives p
4 4
Total 4
4
The table 4.17 shows that from hundreds of performance there were four performances where the consonant before the labiodental fricative sound was
omitted. However, from those four performances, there was only one word covering up , hopeful. This word was pronounced as
hɒfəl
once and
hɒfʊl
three times.
From the sound production, it could be seen that the speakers omitted the sound p in sequence pf so that the f could be produced accurately. This
strategy was similar to final consonant combination in Korean, or gyop batchim. Some Korean words have final consonant combination, such as
많다 manh-ta, 읽 다 ilk-ta,
핥 다 halt-ta, and many more. However, the speakers did not pronounce all the final consonants. They pronounced only one consonant. To
choose which consonant should be pronounced is also a complicated matter. When English has final consonant deletion within consonant cluster, Korean has
strong-weak sound deletion. For example the word 많다 is pronounced
mʌntʌ
, whereas the words
읽 다 and 핥 다 which have liquid sound combination are
pronounced differently. 읽 다 is pronounced as
ɪktʌ
and 핥 다 is pronounced
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91 as
hʌlta
Mutiara and Kim, 2011. So, the position does not affect the sound deletion.
7. Onset Maximalism
Based on the finding of the fact that labiodental fricative sound is easier to produce when it is followed by vowel, or in other words, the sound has a position
in the beginning of syllable. Therefore, sometimes, the sound, whether it is voiceless or voiced sound, is moved into the beginning of the syllable. The
following table, table 4.18, shows the number of onset maximalism. Onset maximalism is phonological process where the coda in syllable-final is moved
into next syllable as onset McMahon, 2002.
Table 4.18: Onset Maximalism
No Sound
Total Frequency based on group of classification
f in single
word f in word
group v in
single word
v in word group
f and v in single
word and word
group
1 Labiodental fricatives
53 1
7 24
3
Total 53
1 7
24 3
Observing the table, there were total 53 performances which experienced labiodental fricative sound position movement. f in single word showed 1
performance of position movement. The word is diffepent which was pronounced as
dɪfən
. Originally, this word contained ambisyllabic sound,
dɪf.
ə
r.
ə
nt
. However, in this case, ignoring the missing of some sounds, the sound f was
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
92 pronounced in the next syllable as the beginning sound. The following figure
explains more clearly.
Figure 4.10
difference dɪfən
T
he earlier figure showed the movement of f. Actually, f belonged to the first syllable. However, f moved into the next syllable to be the initial
syllable. f was also a part of ambisyllable so that there was possibility to move. In this case, f was a coda of the first syllable, but it became the onset because it
was pronounced as initial syllable. Syllable restructure not only happened within ambisyllabic words but also
within word group. In this case, the voiceless labiodentals fricatives, which was performed 7 times, in the end of word became the initial of the next word, such as
the following figures.
d ɪ f ə n O N O N C
R R
σ σ
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93
Figure 4.11
if I ɪfaɪ
life and laɪfen
The figure 4.11 showed the syllable restructure in the word group containing f. In the word group if I ɪf aɪ the voiceless labiodentals fricatives or
f was the coda of the first word. However, in the variation, [ɪ faɪ], f became the onset of the next word. Another word also did the similar restructure. The
word life and laɪf ænd became laɪfen or specifically [laɪ fen], where f was the part of the word and instead of life.
Then, the next group, v in single word, there were 42 performances, for example evepy, evep, having, coveps, whatevep, and many more. In sequence,
those words were pronounced as
evɪ
,
evə
,
hevɪŋ
,
kɒvə
, and
wʌt?evə
. The following figures were figure which explained the movement of those words.
l aɪ f e n O N O N C
R R
σ σ
R R
ɪ f aɪ N O N
σ σ
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94
Figure 4.12 every
evɪ
having
hevɪŋ
ever
evə
covers
kɒvə
e v ɪ N O N
R R
σ σ
e v ə N O N
R R
σ σ
k ɒ v ə O N O N
R R
σ σ
O N O N C
h e v ɪ ŋ R R
σ σ
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95
whatever wʌtevə
In figure 4.12, we could see that there was onset maximalism within the ambisyllabic words. Actually, those five words had v at the syllable final, in the
first syllable for the word evepy, evep, having, and covep, whereas in the second syllable for the word whatevep. However, to ease the pronunciation, the speaker
did restructure of the syllable so that v which was originaly coda,
ev.ɪ
,
ev.ə
,
hev.ɪŋ
,
kɒv.ə
, and
wʌt?ev.ə
, became the onset of the next syllable,
e.vɪ
,
e.və
,
he.vɪŋ
,
kɒ.və
, and
wʌt?e.və
. This strategy was also applied in the v in word group. This type was
produced three times. The examples were believe in
bɪliːv ɪn
and love you
lʌv juː
. The following figure would explain further.
w ʌ t e v ə O N C N O N
R R R
σ σ σ
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96
Figure 4.13 believe in
bəlɪvɪn
love you lɒvjʊ
Originally, v was the part of the first word, coda for the last syllable, but it moved into the next word to be the onset. Based on the former figure, there
were two types of word group, one v at the syllable final met vowel and semi- vowel in the initial of the next word. After the variation, the word group believe in
b ə
l ɪ v ɪ n O N O N O N C
R R R
σ σ σ
l ɒ v j ʊ O N O O N
R R
σ σ
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
97 became
bəlɪvɪn
or [
bəlɪ vɪn
] and the word group love you became
lɒvjʊ
or [
lɒ vjʊ
]. The variation showed that the structure of the syllable was rearranged to ease the pronunciation.
8. Gemination
