64 as
fɒrɒlɒtaɪm
. Here, we can see initial f can be pronounced accurately, whereas the ending v was missing.
B. Korean Speakers Linguistic Strategies towards Non-existing
Labiodental Fricative Sound
The earlier part shows the frequency of the findings and also the Korean speakers’ accuracy towards f and v within single words and word groups. From
the finding, it can be concluded that there are still some inaccurate productions of sound. Therefore, this part will discuss the possible strategies applied towards the
non-existing sounds. Besides the linguistic strategies for inaccurate sound production, there are four linguistic strategies used for variation, where the sound
can be produced accurately but there are some adlibs to ease the sound to be pronounced.
The following are the linguistic strategies applied where the sound cannot be produced accurately. There are sound substitution, sound deletion,
simplification, and assimilation.
1. Sound Substitution
When Korean speakers, in this case Korean singers, produced English, they substituted the non-existing sound in English with the existing sound in their
own language Jenkins, 2009. In this case, Hangul, Korean peoples language does not have labiodental fricative sound Rogers, 2005. Therefore, they
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65 substitute the sound with other sound they can find in their language to ease their
English pronunciation.
Table 4.12: Sound Substitution
No Sound
Total Frequency based on group of classification
f in single
word f in
word group
v in single
word v in
word
group f and v
in single word and
word group
1 Bilabial plosive p
174 22
22 112
16 2
2 Labio-velar semi-
vowel w 5
4 1
3 Bilabial nasal m
1 1
4 Alveolar
fricatives s 1
1
Total 181
22 22
117 18
2
Jenkins 2009 also states that p theoretically, is employed as the replacement. However, in fact, the result showed that the substituted sound was
not only p. From the result, it could be seen that there were four sounds used to substitute labiodental fricative sound. The first sound was p. The result showed
that this sound was employed 174 times. That number revealed that p was the most used sound to substitute labiodental fricatives. All the types was
employed p to replace the labiodental fricative sound. However, the voiced labiodental fricatives was the sound which was used the sound mostly. The next
sound was w which was used 5 times as the substituted sound. This sound was only employed by types containing voiced sound; they were s and word groups.
Thirdly, there was m which was used once as the substituted sound. This sound
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66 was only used by f in word group. The last substituted sound which was only
used once was s. The sound was used by v in word group. From the result it could be said that group with voiced sound employed all the substituted sound,
whereas the voiceless sound group only employed bilabial plosive sound or p as the substituted sound.
Usually, the chosen sound to substitute the sound has similarity in the nature. There are some possible reasons why the sound was employed to
substitute the labiodental fricatives. Starting from the first substituted sound, bilabial plosive sound or p, has similarity to labiodentals fricatives. Both of the
sounds have the soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off Indriani, 2001. In other words, both of labiodental fricative sound and bilabial plosive are
also labial sound that involve an approaching of the lips. They are also anterior sound which are produced with the primary constriction in front of the
alveopalatal position Akmajian, Demers, and Harnis, 1988. The next sound is labio-velar semivowel. There are similarities between
voiced labiodental fricative sound and labio-velar semi-vowel. Firstly, both sounds have raised soft palate in the manner of articulation. Secondly, both v
and w are voiced sound where the vocal folds are close but not tightly so that the air can pass between them. Thirdly, they are continuant sound. The continuant
sound is the sound which is made without complete blockage of the oral tract. The last one is both of them are labial sound.
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67 Next, there is sound m. This sound has same nature as voiced sound,
labial sound, and anterior sound. Then, the last sound is s. Both of v and s are continuant, anterior, and strident sounds. Here, strident sounds mean that when
the sound is produced, it is accompanied by the high-frequency turbulent noise. Similar to the labiodental fricatives, voiceless alveolar fricatives also has that
manner where the soft palate is raised and the nasal resonator is shut off. From the former finding, it can be taken a sight that all the replaced
sounds have similarities towards labiodental fricative sound. The next part will discuss how the sound substitution applies. The
discussion will be done in each substituted sound and each group. Firstly, sound p will be discussed. Starting from single words contained
voiceless labiodental fricatives, there were 22-time- inaccurate productions and all the productions were replaced by p. Most of inaccuracy happened in the
beginning of syllable followed by vowel, such as fop to be
pɒ
, fall to be
pɒl
, fix to be both
pɪks
and
pɪs
, and many more. Besides, the accuracy in the beginning of the syllable followed by semi-vowel occured once, like in the word futupe
which becomes
pjʊtʃər
. There were also two words containing labiodental fricatives in the syllable initial followed by consonant or consonant cluster,
peflected and fpiend. Here, the first word was pronounced as
ripektə
and the next word as
pren
. Words which had the f at the syllable final also showed inaccuracy. There were three words, life that is pronounced as
laɪp
, myself as
maɪsep
, and if as
ɪp
. The last, there was one word contains voiceless sound
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68 both in the beginning and the last of syllable. The word was fifteen which is
pronounced as
fɪptɪ
. This word showed that voiceless labiodental fricative sound was easier to produce when it was placed in the beginning the syllable.
Next type is v in single word. The number showing that voiced sound had bigger inaccuracy than voiceless sound. In this case, the inaccuracy was
classified into four classes, voiced sound in the beginning of syllable followed by vowel or v in initial syllable, voiced sound within the consonant cluster at the
syllable final, voiced sound in the end of the syllable but heard like in the initial syllable or ambisyllabic sound, and voiced sound in the end of syllable.
From those four classes, the fourth class had the highest number, then the third class, second class, and the last was the first class. The first class with total
11 inaccuracies had 7 words, such as ppivate which was pronounced as
p
ə
rʌpət
, nevep as
nepər
and
nepə
, voice as
pɔɪs
, ovep as
opə
, annivepsapy as
enəpəsərɪ
, dpiving as
daɪpɪŋ
, and video as
pɪdɪjo
. The second class only had 2 words with total inaccuracy 11 times, they were loved which was
pronounced as
lɒp
and lived as
lɪpdə
. The first word showed that cluster ending was difficult to perform, whereas the second one showed that cluster ending was
possible to produce when the last consonant in the cluster is added with vowel Jenkins, 2009.
The next type is the single words contained ambisyllabic sound. Ambisylabic sound itself is sound that is placed in the end of syllable but is often
pronounced in the beginning of syllable in the next syllable. There were two types
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69 within ambisyllabic sound. They were ambisyllabic sound followed by vowel,
such as evep which was pronounced as
epə
, living as
lɪpɪŋ
, and etc, and ambisyllabic sound followed by consonant in the next syllable, such as evepything
which was pronounced as
epərɪtɪŋ
, evepyday as
eprɪdeɪ
, and etc. Then, the last type was single words contained the voiced sound in the end syllable. The biggest
inaccuracy happened in the word love. This word was pronounced as
lɒp
and
dɒp
. The first result showed that there is no difference between the word loved and love. Both of them were produced as
lɒp
. Other words were weve which is pronounced as
wɪp
, bpave as
breɪp
, move as
mʊp
, leave as
lɪp
, have as
hep
, and etc. By comparing the 2 types we observed, f in single words had less
mistake than v in single words because most of the words contained labiodental fricatives in the beginning of the syllable, whereas the v in the single words had
the sound mostly at syllable final. Besides, for Korean speaker voiceless labiodental fricatives was easier to produced than the voiced one.
The next type is voiceless labiodental fricatives within word group. In this group, from total number of 22 time inaccuracy, all the inaccuracies happened in
the syllable final. However, there were two type of ending, one was placed in the very ending off word group, such as know if which was pronounced as
nowɪp
, tupn off as
tərn ɒp
, and tupning off as
tʊrmɪ nɒp
and
tərnɪŋ ɒp
, and one was
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70 placed in the end of first word followed by vowel, such as life is which was
pronounced as
laɪp ɪs
and
laɪp ɪ
, life in as
laɪp ɪn
, and if I as
ɪp aɪ
. In this type, the sound in syllable final of first word underwent sound
lengthening. It meant the sound was produced longer than normal. This act was called as geminate sound. Katamba 1996 explained that gemination was a
process when two identical consonants which were close to each other or double consonants occur within the sound production. Focusing only on the substituted
sound, sound p experienced gemination process. The substituted sound was performed both in the end of first word and in the beginning of the next word. In
the second class examples, there are
laɪp ɪs
which was performed as [
laɪp pɪs
],
laɪp ɪn
as [
laɪp pɪn
], and
ɪp aɪ
as [
ɪp paɪ
]. The following is an example of the syllabic structure of the gemination.
Figure 4.1 life in
laɪpɪn or [laɪp pɪn]
l a ɪ p ɪ n O N CO N C
R R
σ σ
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71 The figure explained the syllabic structure of the word group
laɪp ɪn
. Referring to figure 4.1, the phenomenon of gemination happened because the
ending p was followed by vowel. In that figure, it could be observed that the sound p was produced as the coda for the first syllable and to be the onset for the
followed syllable. The sound p was performed in long length so that this consonant can be double consonant, -pp-. This p can also be named as
ambisyllabic consonant because actually it was a coda, but at the same time it was a onset.
After we finishing with the word group containing voiceless sound, the next type to be observed is the word group containing voiced sound. The
inaccuracy which happened in the group was categorized into 4 types. The first one is inaccuracy that happens to the voiced sound in the syllable initial. It could
be seen in the word ovep you, ovep us, and vapop in. All v within those word groups was replaced by p become
opə?rjʊ
,
opəlʌ
, and
peɪpərɪn
. Secondly, there was one word group, because of you, which contained
voiced sound followed by semi-vowel. This word group was pronounced as
bɪkɒ?sɒpjʊ
.
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72
Figure 4.2 because of you
bɪkɒsɒpjʊ or [bɪkɒsɒp pjʊ]
The syllabic structure showed that the sound s became onset to the next syllable instead of the coda for the previous syllable. Besides, the substituted
sound p became the part both of the syllables, coda for the third syllable and onset for the next one.
Thirdly, one word group which had the sound in syllable final was tiped of. The sound in the very end of word group was also replaced with p, or in the
whole group it became
taɪrdɒp
where the d from the previous syllable was moved to the next syllable.
Lastly, there were two groups of word that also had the labiodental fricative sound in the syllable final followed by vowel. Though they were placed
in one group, they had their own variation. The first word group was have a. The labiodental fricative sound within the word group was pronounced as p which
b ɪ k ɒ s ɒ p j ʊ O N O N O N CO O N
R R R R
σ σ σ σ
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73 was possessed by both the first and second syllable. Due to the double consonants,
this consonant was included to ambisyllabic sound and gemination. The second group word, love Ive, had different variation. Though the labiodental fricative
sound was also pronounced as p, but this sound was placed in the next syllable, from coda to be onset.
Figure 4.3 have a
hepə or [hep pə] love Ive
lɒpaɪ or [lɒp paɪ]
The last type was the combination between voiceless sound and voice sound. In this group there was one word which had both the voiceless and voiced
sound in the beginning of the syllable and one word group which had voiceless sound in the syllable final and voiced sound in the initial. They are fopevep and
even if I. The word showed that voiced sound before vowel can be pronounced, like in
poevə
. While, within the word group no sound could be pronounced
h e p ə O N CO N
R R
σ σ
l ɒ p aɪ O N O N
R R
σ σ
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74 inaccurately. It became
ɪpənɪpaɪ
. However, there was still gemination existing within the word group as explained in the following picture.
Figure 4.4 even if I
ɪpənɪpaɪ or [ɪ pənɪp paɪ]
The figure showed that the substituted sound p in the syllable final or coda was also performed in the next syllable as the onset.
Discussing sound p leads the topic to allophone. As explained before, Korean Language has three sound variations of p, they are
ㅂ
,
ㅃ
, and
ㅍ
Lee, 2008. Though all of them are bilabial consonants, each character represents
different sound. The letter
ㅂ
represents sound p or b or lax sound. This symbol has two sounds but almost all Korean speakers do not differentiate
between p and b. There is no voicing contrast in Korean language. If the speaker pronounces the symbol as p or b, they still can be understood.
ɪ p ə n ɪ p aɪ N O N O N CO N
R R R R
σ σ σ σ
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75 However, theoretically, the position of the sound affects the sound production.
While the lax sound is pronounced in initial position with a slight puff of air and a voicing delay of about 30 to 50 msec, voiceless sound in English is pronounced
with about 70 to 85 msec.. Therefore, for foreign speakers, that lax sound is sounded like voiceless sound.
The next symbol, ㅃ represents [p]. this is reinforced sound. For English
speaker, this reinforced sound is identified as their voiced sound. However, this sound is also pronounced long as geminate sound. The last symbol,
ㅍ
is aspirated sound or [p
h
]. This sound is actually identified as the p in English. The variation of p drives the fact of the variations that might happen
within the result. Starting from the sound in the beginning syllable, the allophone mostly applied is [p
h
], whereas the [p] is absolutely applied in all syllable finals. It happens because in Korean language, aspirated and reinforced sound does not
occur in the end of syllable. The listener can identify the ending sound as aspirated, lax, or reinforced sound if the sound placed in the syllable ending is
followed by vowel. Then, in the word group containing gemination, the allophone [p] or strong p is applied Lee and Ramsey, 2000.
After discussing p as the substituted sound, the next sound discussed is labio-velar semi-vowel w. This sound was applied as substituted sound only for
voiced sound like in the word voice that became
w
ɔɪs
, evepy that were
ewɪ
and ovep that were
owə
, and the word group thoughts of it that were
tɔʊtzɒwɪt
. In this case, all semi vowels were placed in onset position so that there was
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76 movement from coda into onset happening within the word group where the w
was not part of the previous syllable,
zɒ
, but the next syllable,
wɪt
. The following picture showed the syllabic structure of this word group.
Figure 4.5 thoughts of it
tɔʊtzɒwɪt
Then, the other sound used as substitution was m and s. Both sounds were used once within the word Ive and dont have. The word Ive was
pronounced as
aɪm
, whereas the word group dont have as
dones
. This substitution happened because the speaker could not produce the sound accurately
instead of assimilation sound. The sound purely stood alone without any similar sound in neighbor.
t ɔʊ t z ɒ w ɪ t O N C O N O N C
R R R
σ σ σ
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77
2. Sound Deletion
