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6 Uvulars
Uvular is the sound produced with the tongue near or touching the uvula area, the small fleshy flap of tissue hanging down from the velum.
7 Pharyngeals
The area of the throat between the uvula and the larynx is known as the pharynx. Sound made through the modification of airflow in this region by
retracting the tongue or constricting the pharynx are called pharyngeals.
8 Glotal
Sound produced by using the vocal folds as the primary articulators at the glottis are glottal.
b. Manner of Articulation
1 Stop
Stops are made with complete and temporary closure of airflow through the vocal tract, preventing the air to escape.
2 Fricative
Fricative is sound where the manner of articulators is close to each other but do not make a complete closure. Still there is a narrowing for the air stream to
pass through, producing audible hiss-like friction Collins and Mess, 2003. It is covered in obstruent sound.
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3 Africates
When a stop articulation is released, the tongue moves rapidly away from the place of articulation. Some non-continuant consonants show a slow release of
the closure; these sounds are called affricates.
4 Liquids
Liquids is the form of a special class of consonant.
5 Laterals
Lateral sounds are produced when the air escapes through the mouth along the lowered sides of the tongue.
6 Glides
Glide is a very rapidly articulated non-syllabic segment.
c. Energy of Articulation
English commonly has two classes of consonant sound; the first one is fortis, the stronger and voiceless articulation, and lenis, the weaker and voiced
articulation. The following table is a table of International Phonetic Alphabet IPA that becomes the base of English sounds.
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Figure 2.1 International Phonetic Consonants
Source: http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiDental_consonant
Figure 2.2 International Phonetic Vowels
Source: http:dialectblog.comthe-international-phonetic-alphabetipa-tutoriallesson-1
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labiodental fricatives.
d. Labiodental Fricatives
After having further understanding about articulation, the writer wants to narrow the scope into labiodental fricatives or f and v. Labiodental fricatives
are sounds which are produced by involving the near contact of the lower lip to the upper front teeth. This sound is produced when the soft palate being raised and
the nasal resonator being shut off. While, the inner surface of the lower lip makes contact with the edge of the upper teeth so that the air which is escaping produces
friction Indriani, 2005. Fricatives are sound produced when the airflow is forced through a narrow
opening in the vocal tract so that noise produced by friction is created. Related to the place, labiodental, there are two sounds of labiodental fricatives: voiceless
labiodental fricative or f and voiced labiodental fricative or v. The difference between the two sounds is the way of air stream flow Akmajian, et.al., 2001.
Voiceless and voiced sounds relate to the airflow. When during the airflow the vocal cords are apart, the airflow freely through the glottis and supraglottal
cavities, it will be voiceless sound. While, if the vocal cords are closed, the air stream forces its way through and causes them vibrate, the sound will be voiced
one Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2003.
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2. Korean Language
