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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter covers some theories employed in the research. It aims to gain clear understanding about the topic of the research study. The literature review
firstly discusses three main aspects. They are teaching speaking, media and video. Related studies are presented afterwards. Then, a conceptual framework is
presented at last.
A. Literature Review 1. Teaching Speaking
a. The Nature of Speaking
There are many definitions of speaking that have been proposed by some experts in language learning. Cameron 2001 states that speaking is the active use
of language to express meaning so other people can make sense of them. Thornbury 2001 mentions that speaking is interactive and require the
ability to cooperate in the management of speaking turns. Further, he adds the nature of speaking process means that the grammar of the spoken language differs
in the member of significant ways from the grammar of the written language. According to Harmer 2001: 46, speaking happens when two people are
communicating to each other. It is fairly clear that they are doing so for saying something or delivering message and information. They have some
communication purposes and they select from their language store.
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Bailey and Savage in Celce-Murcia 2001: 163 state that for most people, the ability to speak a language is synonymous with knowing the language since
speech is the most basic means of human communication. They add that speaking in the second or foreign language has often been viewed as the most demanding of
the four skills. Supporting the above definitions, Brown 2001: 267 processes that when
someone can speak a language it means that he can carry on a conversation reasonably and competently. In addition, Pinter 2006: 55 says that to be able to
speak fluently, we have to speak and think at the same time. Thus, it requires plenty and careful sources of skills. As supported by Harmer 2001: 269,
elements of speaking are the ability to speak fluently on purpose and the ability to process information and “language on the spot”.
According to Richards and Renandya 2002: 204, effective oral communication requires the ability to use the language appropriately in social
interactions that involves not only verbal communication but also paralinguistic elements of speech such as pitch, stress, and intonation. Moreover, nonlinguistic
elements such as gestures, body language, and expressions are needed in conveying messages directly without any accompanying speech. Brown 2007:
237 adds that social contact in interactive language functions is a key importance and in which it is not what you say that counts but how you say it what you
convey with body language, gestures, eye contact, physical distance and other nonverbal messages.
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