RECOMMENDATION 2: MAINSTREAMING THE INDONESIAN LAW

THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 354 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 355 HIV and AIDS Need to expand and disaggregate existing indicators on HIV and AIDS by age cohort 10-14, 15- 19, 20-24 years, especially for indicators on: • Most-at-risk MAR adolescents, especially vulnerable adolescents • Prevention of mother-to-child transmission PMTCT • Protection Examples of other kinds of data needed not exhaustive • PMTCT and paediatric treatment: o estimated number of HIV-positive pregnant women o estimated percentage of HIV-positive pregnant women who received antiretroviral therapy ART for PMTCT o estimated number of children 0-14 years living with HIV o number of children 0-14 years receiving ART o percentage of pregnant women who were tested for HIV and who know their results o percentage of infants born to HIV-positive mothers who are infected o percentage of infants born to HIV-positive mothers who received an HIV test within 12 months • Prevention: o HIV prevalence among young people 15-24 years o percentage of young people 15-24 years who have comprehensive knowledge of HIV o percentage of sexually active young women and men aged 15-24 years who received an HIV test in the last 12 months and who know their results o percentage of young people 15-24 years who had sex with more than one partner in the last 12 months o percentage of young people 15-24 years with multiple partners and who used a condom at last sex o percentage of young people 15-19 years who had sex before age 15 Additional research is needed on: • Youth vulnerability to HIV and AIDS including sexual behaviours, MAR adolescents, especially vulnerable adolescents • Socio-economic assessment of affected households and type of assistance received in terms of free basic external support • Level of HIV sensitivity of social welfare schemes Youth • Onset of puberty and its consequences in terms of mobility, schooling and marriage • Youth living arrangements • Schooling experience • Time use, mobility and social networks • Transition to marriage, including the degree of choice in timing of marriage and selection of spouse • Sexual activity and the context in which it occurs • Economic status and livelihood opportunities • Participation and membership in social and civic groups Given that UNICEF and the GoI both place priority on working towards achieving the MDGs with equity, this requires the ability to monitor progress along regional and sub-population lines. Data should therefore be collected so that it can be disaggregated by: 2 See for example: Diprose, R. 2009 ‘Decentralisation, horizontal inequalities, and conlict management in Indonesia’, in: Brown, G. and Diprose, R. Ethnopolitics . Vol.81: 107-134; Stewart, F. Ed. 2008 Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict, Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke • Province • District • Sub-district and village at the local level • Urbanrural location • Household incomeexpenditure • Education • Gender • Age • Religion • Ethnicity and customary groups There are some indications that discriminatory practices and inequalities exist in some districts in terms of access to services or resources along religious and ethnic lines, particularly in what were previously conflict areas, which also impacts on migration and displacement. 2 These inequalities may be differently experienced by women and children. Therefore, it is suggested that data be collected in a way that can be disaggregated by religious and ethnic group, as well as by age and gender.

5.4 RECOMMENDATION 4: IMPROVING EVIDENCE-BASED

POLICYMAKING - PRODUCING BIENNIAL THEMATIC SITAN OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN AND OTHER KEY PUBLIC DOCUMENTS Recommended for: UNICEF with the support of GoI The rapid social, economic and political changes that Indonesia has experienced over the last 10 years indicate that the situation of women and children in Indonesia, particularly in the decentralised context, is rapidly changing. It has not been possible to examine all of these changes and their impact on the situation of women and children, every aspect of the progress made in terms of child rights, or every gap in welfare and access in detail in this SITAN. This is why, in addition to national trends, only four provinces were examined in one key sector each. In order to maximise the utility of this information and explore new phenomena, gaps, behavioural and institutional changes, and so on, this SITAN recommends conducting biennial thematic SITAN and compiling other key public documents using data from smaller studies. Conducting SITAN every two years is recommended since data collection and analysis in a context as large as Indonesia is both time consuming and resource intensive. Particular thematic areas that would complement the findings of this SITAN are: • Child special protection with a focus on juvenile justice, sexual exploitation, protecting women and children from violence and abuse, and the situation of migrant and displaced children, to form a holistic child protection and monitoring system. • The well-being of young people given the emerging demographic window. • Inequalities and safeguarding against discrimination along gender, religious, ethnic and income lines.