Child participation Health and nutrition

THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 viii THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 ix

4.4.7 Education planning, decentralisation and Special Autonomy:

Innovations and challenges 295

4.4.7.1 Education as a development priority 295

4.4.7.2 Musrenbang and community influence over formal education policy 297 4.4.7.3 School-based management and communitypractitioner inputs into education practice 298 4.4.7.4 Other challenges under Special Autonomy: Authority, coordination and budget allocations in Aceh 300 4.4.8 Summary conclusion 303

4.5 Children living on the street in Central Java Province:

The challenges of child special protection 304

4.5.1 Introduction

304 4.5.2 Geography and demography 305

4.5.3 Poverty, human development and gender equity

307 4.5.4 Health, nutrition, water and sanitation, and education 310

4.5.5 Children living on the streets in Central Java

312 4.5.6 Supporting institutional environment for child protection: Provincial level initiatives 319 4.5.6.1 The Bureau of Women’s Empowerment, Child Protection and Family Planning 319 4.5.6.2 Innovations 320 4.5.6.3 Challenges 322

4.5.7 Innovations at the districtmunicipal level:

The Child-Friendly City policy in Surakarta 324 4.5.7.1 Districtmunicipal government initiatives supporting the Child-Friendly City: Integrated Service Units for Surakarta Women and Children PTPAS and the Family Welfare Consultation Unit LK3 328 4.5.7.2 The beginning of service delivery in the Child-Friendly City: Halfway houses in Surakarta 330 4.5.7.3 Establishing holistic services in the Child-Friendly City: Foster homes in Surakarta 332 4.5.7.4 New approaches in Surakarta?: The Corrections Office 333

4.5.8 Other issues in the development planning process for child protection

335 4.5.8.1 Children’s voices in the development planning process in Surakarta 335 4.5.8.2 Budgets for child protection 336

4.5.9 Summary conclusion: Child special protection for children living on

the streets in Central Java 337

4.6 The voices of children

338 4.6.1 Introduction 338

4.6.2 Positive approaches to adolescent and child development

338 4.6.3 Child narratives 340 4.6.3.1 Understanding Siti’s story 342 4.6.3.2 Understanding Joko’s story 344

4.6.4 Commonalities in childhood development

344 4.6.5 Policy implications 345 SECTION 5: POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 347 Introduction 348

5.1 Summary of the 10 recommendations from this SITAN

349 5.1.1 Recommendation 1: Harmonising the national and local level legal framework in relation to child rights and welfare 349 5.2 Recommendation 2: Mainstreaming the Indonesian Law on Child Protection and other legislation related to child rights and welfare and promoting compliance in national and local regulations, guidelines, and policies 350

5.3 Recommendation 3: Improving evidence-based policymaking -

Reducing data deficiencies 351

5.4 Recommendation 4: Improving evidence-based policymaking - Producing

biennial thematic SITAN of women and children and other key public documents 355 5.5 Recommendation 5: Strengthening knowledge management, data collection and analysis systems at the national and local levels 356 5.6 Recommendation 6: Establishing a comprehensive National Child Special Protection System to uphold and monitor child rights and welfare as mandated by the Indonesian Law on Child Protection 358

5.6.1 Service delivery

359 5.6.2 Preventionbehaviour change 360

5.7 Recommendation 7: Promoting equitable development for women and children -

Targeting interventions on worst performers to improve poverty reduction, pro-poor growth and MDGs with equity 361 5.7.1 MDG progress requiring special attention 362

5.7.2 Disparities

362 5.8 Recommendation 8: Strengthening the decentralised system through local level capacity building and support in development planning processes - Improving consultative planning processes, regulations, policy formulation, programme design and service delivery to be pro-child and pro-women 364 5.8.1 Areas requiring systems strengthening 365

5.8.2 Learning from innovations

367 5.9 Recommendation 9: Advocating the scale up of specific sectoral interventions to improve child rights and welfare and reduce inequity 369 5.9.1 General for all stakeholders 369

5.9.2 Health and nutrition and water and sanitation

370 5.9.3 Education and early childhood development 371

5.9.4 HIV and AIDS

373 5.9.5 Young people 374

5.9.6 Child special protection together with Recommendations 2 and 6 above 375

5.10 Recommendation 10: Communications for development and to assist with

knowledge building and behavioural change to support other targeted interventions and improve the situation of women and children in Indonesia 377 ANNEX 379 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 x THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 xi LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1.1: Government of Indonesia’s assessment of Indonesia’s progress on selected MDGs 5 Table 1.4.1: Research areas 16 Table 2.2.1: Gross national income per capita 2008, ATLAS method and purchasing power parity PPP of Southeast Asian countries 28 Table 2.2.2: Number of poor people by social indicators, 2007 37 Table 2.3.1: Trends in the human development index HDI over time in selected provinces and national average, Indonesia 1996-2008 41 Table 3.3.1: Pregnant women receiving PMTCT services in 30 districtsmunicipalities in 19 provinces, Indonesia 2008 and 2009 95 Table 3.3.2: HIV testing and outreach to most at-risk populations, by age, Indonesia 2007 96 Table 3.3.3: Age at first sex by gender and district, Indonesia 2009 98 Table 3.4.1: Percentage of qualified teachers, Indonesia 1999-2005 122 Table 3.5.1: Children aged 5-17 years by type of activity and sex thousands, Indonesia 2009 142 Table 4.2.1: Nutritional status, NTT versus Indonesia 2007 196 Table 4.4.2: Indicators of education quality, Aceh 2007-2009 and target for 2012 284 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.3.1: Policy making and policy shaping 13 Figure 2.2.1: Gross domestic product GDP growth rates, with and without oil and gas per cent, Indonesia 1996-2008 27 Figure 2.2.2: Gross domestic product GDP per capita, at constant and current market prices million IDR, Indonesia 1999-2008 27 Figure 2.2.3: Percentage of poor population based on P0, poverty gap index, and poverty severity index over time, Indonesia 1999-2009 31 Figure 2.2.4: Percentage of poor population based on head-count Index by area, Indonesia 1999-2008 36 Figure 2.2.5: Poverty severity index by area, Indonesia 1999-2009 36 Figure 2.2.6: Percentage of population below the poverty line by province, Indonesia 2009 37 Figure 2.3.1: Gini coefficent over time, Indonesia 1993-2007 39 Figure 2.3.2: Gini coefficient by province, Indonesia 2007 39 Figure 2.3.3: Human development index HDI over time, Indonesia 1996-2008 40 Figure 2.3.4: Human development index HDI by province, Indonesia 2008 40 Figure 2.3.5: Human development index HDI and gender development index GDI over time, Indonesia 2000-2007 41 Figure 2.4.1: Total fertility rate TFR over time, Indonesia 1991-2007 42 Figure 2.4.2: Total fertility rate TFR by province, Indonesia 2007 43 Figure 2.4.3: Indonesia population distribution, 2009 43 Figure 2.4.4: Dependency ratio ages 0-14 year, 65+ years and total, Indonesia 1961-2050 44 Figure 3.1.1: UNICEF conceptual framework on understanding child malnutrition, death and disability 50 Figure 3.1.2: Infant mortality rates, under-five mortality rates, and maternal mortality ratios, Indonesia 1991-2007 51