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HIV and AIDS Need to expand and disaggregate existing indicators on HIV and AIDS by age cohort 10-14, 15-
19, 20-24 years, especially for indicators on: • Most-at-risk MAR adolescents, especially vulnerable adolescents
• Prevention of mother-to-child transmission PMTCT • Protection
Examples of other kinds of data needed not exhaustive • PMTCT and paediatric treatment:
o estimated number of HIV-positive pregnant women o estimated percentage of HIV-positive pregnant women who received antiretroviral therapy
ART for PMTCT o estimated number of children 0-14 years living with HIV
o number of children 0-14 years receiving ART o percentage of pregnant women who were tested for HIV and who know their results
o percentage of infants born to HIV-positive mothers who are infected o percentage of infants born to HIV-positive mothers who received an HIV test within 12
months • Prevention:
o HIV prevalence among young people 15-24 years o percentage of young people 15-24 years who have comprehensive knowledge of HIV
o percentage of sexually active young women and men aged 15-24 years who received an HIV
test in the last 12 months and who know their results o percentage of young people 15-24 years who had sex with more than one partner in the
last 12 months o percentage of young people 15-24 years with multiple partners and who used a condom at
last sex o percentage of young people 15-19 years who had sex before age 15
Additional research is needed on: • Youth vulnerability to HIV and AIDS including sexual behaviours, MAR adolescents, especially
vulnerable adolescents • Socio-economic assessment of affected households and type of assistance received in terms of
free basic external support • Level of HIV sensitivity of social welfare schemes
Youth • Onset of puberty and its consequences in terms of mobility, schooling and marriage
• Youth living arrangements • Schooling experience
• Time use, mobility and social networks • Transition to marriage, including the degree of choice in timing of marriage and selection of
spouse • Sexual activity and the context in which it occurs
• Economic status and livelihood opportunities • Participation and membership in social and civic groups
Given that UNICEF and the GoI both place priority on working towards achieving the MDGs with equity, this requires the ability to monitor progress along regional and sub-population lines. Data
should therefore be collected so that it can be disaggregated by:
2 See for example: Diprose, R. 2009 ‘Decentralisation, horizontal inequalities, and conlict management in Indonesia’, in: Brown, G. and Diprose, R. Ethnopolitics
. Vol.81: 107-134; Stewart, F. Ed. 2008 Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict, Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke
• Province • District
• Sub-district and village at the local level • Urbanrural location
• Household incomeexpenditure • Education
• Gender • Age
• Religion • Ethnicity and customary groups
There are some indications that discriminatory practices and inequalities exist in some districts in terms of access to services or resources along religious and ethnic lines, particularly in what were
previously conflict areas, which also impacts on migration and displacement.
2
These inequalities may be differently experienced by women and children. Therefore, it is suggested that data be
collected in a way that can be disaggregated by religious and ethnic group, as well as by age and gender.
5.4 RECOMMENDATION 4: IMPROVING EVIDENCE-BASED
POLICYMAKING - PRODUCING BIENNIAL THEMATIC SITAN OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN AND OTHER KEY PUBLIC DOCUMENTS
Recommended for: UNICEF with the support of GoI
The rapid social, economic and political changes that Indonesia has experienced over the last 10 years indicate that the situation of women and children in Indonesia, particularly in the
decentralised context, is rapidly changing. It has not been possible to examine all of these changes and their impact on the situation of women and children, every aspect of the progress
made in terms of child rights, or every gap in welfare and access in detail in this SITAN. This is why, in addition to national trends, only four provinces were examined in one key sector each.
In order to maximise the utility of this information and explore new phenomena, gaps, behavioural and institutional changes, and so on, this SITAN recommends conducting biennial
thematic SITAN and compiling other key public documents using data from smaller studies. Conducting SITAN every two years is recommended since data collection and analysis in a
context as large as Indonesia is both time consuming and resource intensive. Particular thematic areas that would complement the findings of this SITAN are:
• Child special protection with a focus on juvenile justice, sexual exploitation, protecting women and children from violence and abuse, and the situation of migrant and displaced
children, to form a holistic child protection and monitoring system. • The well-being of young people given the emerging demographic window.
• Inequalities and safeguarding against discrimination along gender, religious, ethnic and income lines.
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• Urban areas, and the situation in Indonesia’s growing number of slums. • The impact of climate change on child welfare.
• Access to education in general and for children with special needs in particular; incorporating
perceptions of the barriers to and disincentives for continuing education and the problem of violence in schools.
• Issues related to young people, i.e., young people in urban and peri-urban environments
3
, as well as youth-centreed research and knowledge generation, including cost analysis to
highlight financial consequences of policy options.
5.5 RECOMMENDATION 5: STRENGTHENING KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT, DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS SYSTEMS AT THE NATIONAL AND LOCAL LEVELS
Recommended for: National and local level GoI, with the support of UNICEF and other donors
In addition to Recommendations 3 and 4 above, this SITAN recommends creating an integrated multi-sectoral child welfare and rights information system at the national and local levels in the
form of ‘Knowledge Centres for Children’ KCC. Such KCCs are essential for evidenced-based advocacy and for the planning and formulation of targeted interventions based on particular
vulnerabilities and in particular regions. The establishment of KCCs will result in new and ongoing data collection and analysis.
This would involve: • Strengthening data collection at the local level and creating databases on key aspects of
child welfare using standardised definitions and feeding these into a national knowledge management system.
• Establishing data collection and management systems where they are absent in districts provinces, and training both government staff, practitioners and in some cases the
community, in data collection, understanding definitions and monitoring changes over time. • Improving collaboration and coordination between different levels of government.
• In some cases, new data collection and research through surveys and other methods where there is an absence of data.
• Establishing best practices in analysing data and producing timely reports. • Strengthening coordination between the national and local levels on child special protection
data collection surveillance, storage and processing. • Using the information system and other avenues to improve enforcement of the ILCP.
• Potentially establishing a think tank focussed on gender issues.
For some aspects of child welfare, this would include building or strengthening community based monitoring systems in:
• Education, i.e.: o i to identify accurately all eligible children whether enrolled or not in a school area;
o ii to identify the concentration of children in a particular area and their enrolment distribution to determine whether additional schools are needed, and whether there are
barriers to accessing education, i.e., geographical remoteness, and to identify children with special needs; and
o iii to use information generated to monitor irregular attendance and assign schools teachers to follow-up enrolment and attendance issues.
• MDG achievement along quintiles of wealth, etc. • Mortality rates, causes of deaths, practices in nutrition.
A KCC would require donor support on the request of the GoI, for sectoral offices at the district, provincial and national levels to promote skill building in website development, data analysis and
report production, and knowledge dissemination practices, so that relevant information will be readily available to key stakeholders, and to ensure that the same sets of information are used in
policy development, programming and monitoring.
There are some data collection and monitoring pilot projects, such as: • The UNICEF-sponsored ASIA programme for monitoring MDG progress at the district and
sub-district levels. • The Community Based Education Information System CBEIS, which has been adopted by the
Minister of National Education as an integral part of the GoI’s Education Monitoring System EMIS; the Maternal and Child Health MNCH model on Local Area Monitoring and Tracking
LAMAT system, which is now being scaled up in collaboration with the Ministry of Health.
These programmes could be scaled up from pilots to other districtsprovinces or extended across sectors.
At the national and local levels, KCCs would require cross-sectoral coordination committees made up of focal point personnel from each sectoral ministryagencyoffice as well as cross-cutting
units like the Bureau of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection. Each focal point would be responsible for ensuring that new practices in data collection and analysis are implemented
at the relevant sectoral agencies and units at the national and local levels. At the national level, the coordinating committee would also be responsible for formulating guidelines on data
collection, analysis and reporting, and for ensuring that these are disseminated to sub-national governments. It would be essential that data and reports are produced in a timely fashion
prior to compilation of annual, medium-term, and long-term work-plans, strategies, and policy frameworks at the national and local levels.
It would also be useful if such KCCs would work with local government officesagencies to monitor the results of local strategic plans, action plans, policies and programmes, to improve
monitoring of impact. Furthermore, involving local universities in this process would ensure that new ideas are shared between government and non-government stakeholders and that there is
consistency in the definitions of indicators used.
Aside from UNICEF and other donors supporting the set-up, scale up and capacity building of such KCCs, they would also need to provide technical assistance in data collection and analysis
as deemed necessary, in partnership with the national and local governments. They could also provide support to the national government in formulating national level guidelines for data
3 Close attention needs to be given to the differences between the social and economic circumstances of urban and rural areas. In cities and towns, key educational and health resources are more readily available than in rural villages. But it is far from obvious that young
people - especially those who are poor - are in a position to take advantage of these urban resources and opportunities. For the urban poor, school enrolment rates are well below those of wealthier urban residents. In multiple dimensions of health, the urban poor hardly
fare better than rural villagers. The social risks of city life may jeopardize both poor young people and those who are better off, as indicated by higher urban rates of HIV and AIDS.
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collection and analysis, and to local governments in interpreting and enacting such guidelines. Furthermore, they could provide targeted assistance in particular districts for establishing or
strengthening local level KCCs.
5.6 RECOMMENDATION 6: ESTABLISHING A COMPREHENSIVE
NATIONAL CHILD SPECIAL PROTECTION SYSTEM TO UPHOLD AND MONITOR CHILD RIGHTS AND WELFARE AS MANDATED BY
THE INDONESIAN LAW ON CHILD PROTECTION
Recommended for: National and local level GoI, with the support of UNICEF and other donors
Since signing of the CRC in 1990, Indonesia has acknowledged that all children are subject to their evolving capacities, and are therefore in need of special safeguards and care, and are
entitled to certain fundamental rights. By ratifying the CRC through a Presidential Decree
4
and by ratifying the ILCP, which upholds many of the principles of the CRC, Indonesia has made a
legally binding commitment to respect, promote and fulfil children’s social, economic, cultural, civil and political rights. This requires the creation of an environment where all girls and boys are
free from violence, exploitation, abuse, neglect, inappropriate judicial responses and unnecessary separation from their families.
While this SITAN has demonstrated that in general the situation for Indonesian children has considerably improved, particularly related to access to health and education, yet tangible gains
for child protection are not keeping pace with progress in other areas.
The findings from Section 3, based on the limited data available on child special protection and data from the study on adolescents conducted by the University of Indonesia, highlight
that children continue to face grave protection violations, such as sexual exploitation and abuse, neglect, detention as a first response, the worst forms of child labour, trafficking,
corporal punishment, unnecessary institutionalisation, and violence in their homes, schools and communities. Such violations have persisted over time, despite ongoing efforts. The case study
of children living on the streets in Central Java also indicates that despite the improvements and interventions, the mistreatment of children in public institutions often based on insufficient
knowledge of child rights and alternative non-violent methods of punishment or incarceration continues to take place and may exist in other regions not covered in this study. Furthermore,
information from Save the Children indicates that there is an absence of an accreditation system and monitoring of the treatment of children in alternative care institutions. There may also be
synergies between treatment in the home, at school, and in the larger community, creating multiple-vulnerabilities for children, which may affect educational attainment, health and
nutritional status, and longer-term development through adolescence and into adulthood. In addition, while the ILCP defines children as including babies in the womb through adolescents
until they reach the age of 18 years, there are some contradictions in terms between this law and the marriage, citizenship and labour laws, in which the age range for childhood varies.
4 Although Recommendation 1 in this SITAN argues that it should also be ratified by the national parliament
Global analysis, clear evidence and systematic practices in many developed countries demonstrate that it is indeed possible to establish effective strategies to address child special protection
violations. Many child special protection systems in other countries have proven to be more cost effective and of greater benefit to the diverse range of child special protection concerns, in
contrast to development approaches that have focused on individual problems or specific child special protection issues. Thus, the global evolving strategic approach to child special protection
concentrates on developing comprehensive national child special protection systems. An effective national child special protection system would strengthen the protective environment
to safeguard children against all forms of abuse, exploitation, neglect and violence, and should consist of three interlocking components:
1. A holistic social welfare system for children and families 2. The justice system
3. An integrated social behaviour change component
Such systems and components should be structured in a way that both prevents and responds to all child special protection concerns in an integrated manner. Thus, the national child special
protection system should prevent violations from happening and protect children in all situations regardless of the nature of the violation or the context in which it occurs, including in emergencies,
conflicts, and in periods of transition. The work of the national child special protection system should include the promotion of attitudes, beliefs, values and behaviours that support children’s
well-being and protection, and affirm children’s human rights, as set forth in the ILCP, the CRC and its Optional Protocols, and other international instruments.
In order to promote a comprehensive systematic approach to child special protection, consideration of the following is encouraged, in addition to harmonising the legal and policy
framework see Recommendation 1, and mainstreaming the understanding and implementation of laws, policies and procedures relating to child rights see Recommendation 2.
5.6.1 SERVICE DELIVERY
Social welfare and justice systems, structures and services are the ‘who’ and the ‘what’ of the national child special protection system. These structures refer to the organisation of institutions,
including the different ministries, departments and agencies, as well as their mandates, lines of accountability, responsibilities, capacities human, financial and infrastructure, and services
provided, including for children, and the supporting, monitoring and coordinating bodies. Social welfare and justice structures support different strategies, including prevention of, response to and
mitigation of child special protection violations.
Social welfare systems for children and families should be mandated in law to ensure that child rights to protection are fulfilled by those who have a role in their direct care, welfare, and
protection and by those with a role in ensuring guidance and justice for children. Actors in the social welfare systems are accorded the authority and responsibility to undertake actions to
prevent, respond to and mitigate the impact of any significant harm occurring to children, whether by their parents or relatives, other children, individuals, groups of individuals, or by officers of the
state itself, such as teachers, police officers, and government institutional care providers. Social welfare systems within a national child special protection system should prevent and respond to
such violations, in all situations regardless of the nature of the violation, or the context in which it occurs, including in emergencies, conflicts and periods of transition.
