THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 306
THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 307
Figure 4.5.1: Central Java map
Source: Center for Population and Policy Studies, Gajah Mada University, 2010
Despite a relatively young population on average, Central Java’s overall population growth has been decreasing over the past decade, especially over the last five years.
474
The decrease in population growth is likely linked to the decreasing fertility rate in Central Java since 1987.
The total fertility rate TFR currently stands at 2.0, despite an increase from 2.1-2.3 during the period from 2002-2007 according to data from the Indonesian Demographic and Health Surveys
IDHS 2002-2003 and 2007.
475
Central Java has a lower TFR than the national average, which is important given the current large population.
476
However, Central Java’s population is relatively young on average, with the largest segments of the population being those in the 20-24 years, 15-19 years, and 0-9 years age groups see Figure
4.5.2. However, the number of children under age ive has been decreasing in Central Java since 2005, likely due to recent decreases in fertility rates.
477
This may have some impact on the distribution of students, as a declining number of pupils will be attending primary schools in the
next four years. Furthermore, there are more females compared to males, as discussed later in this subsection in relation to gender equity and development measures.
Figure 4.5.2: Projected population pyramid, Central Java 2009
Source: BPS - Statistics Indonesia and UNFPA, based on projections from the 2005 Intercensal Survey BAPPENAS
Although Central Java is predominantly rural, more than 42 per cent of its population live in urban environments.
478
Continuously intensifying urbanisation poses certain challenges to urban infrastructure to keep pace with population growth.
479
Furthermore, persisting rural poverty can drive flight from rural to urban areas, including migration of children, who may face a range
of problems such as inadequate access to basic health and education services, sanitation and housing, especially if they end up living on the streets.
4.5.3 POVERTY, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND GENDER EQUITY
Overall poverty levels have declined in Central Java over the past decade. By 2002, poverty had fallen to 23 per cent of the total population from 28.5 per cent of the total population at the height
of the financial crisis in 1999. The rate has continued to decrease in recent years, and by 2008 the population living below the poverty line in Central Java was 19.23 per cent of total population,
according to data from the National Socio-Economic Survey 2009. However, poverty levels in the province have remained above the national average see Figure 4.5.3.
Considerable disparities in poverty levels exist between urban and rural areas. Figure 4.5.4 illustrates that despite overall reduced poverty levels in recent years, a higher percentage of
people in rural areas live below the poverty line compared with urban areas. While this gap has been decreasing recently, it is still larger than it was in 1999. In 1999, the difference between the
proportion of the population below the poverty line differed by only 1 per cent between rural and urban areas. Soon after that, in 2001, the gap had widened to 18 per cent, but by 2009 the gap had
narrowed to 4.5 per cent see Figure 4.5.4.
474 Projection based on BPS - Statistics Indonesia 2009 Report based on the Intercensal Survey SUPAS 2005, BPS: Jakarta 475 BPS - Statistics Indonesia and Macro International 2008 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey IDHS 2007 and IDHS 2002-2003,
BPS and Macro International: Calverton, Maryland 476 Projection based on BPS - Statistics Indonesia 2009 Report based on the Intercensal Survey SUPAS 2005
477 Ibid. 478 Projection based on Intercensal survey 2005, processed by BPS - Statistics Indonesia, Jakarta, 2009
479 Zahnd, M. 2006 Traditional urban quarters in Semarang and Yogyakarta Indonesia; Potential for innovative use of urban design for new quarters in Indonesian cities based on theoretical and traditional aspects, available at: www.urban-is.comdeutchunsere-
publikationenfarchartikelposterly.pdf Last accessed 20 June 2010
75+ 70-74
65-69 60-64
55-59 50-54
45-49 40-44
35-39 30-34
25-29 20-24
15-19 10-14
5-9 0-4
2.0 1.5
1.0 0.5
0.0 0.5
1.0 1.5
2.0 Male
Female
THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 308
THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 309
Figure 4.5.3: Percentage of households living below the national poverty line, Indonesia and Central Java 1999-2009
Source: National Socio-Economic Surveys 1999-2009
Figure 4.5.4: Percentage of population below the poverty line by area, Central Java 1999-2009
Source: National Socio-Economic Surveys 1999-2009
In line with the reduction in aggregate poverty levels in the province, Central Java’s human development index HDI has been continuously improving since 2000. This is illustrated in Figure
4.5.5, which shows the improvements of Central Java’s HDI, gender development index GDI, and gender empowerment measure GEM from the year 1999 to 2007. As shown, by 2008, Central
Java’s HDI had increased to 70.92 from 68.9 in 2004.
480
According to the Central Java Provincial Medium-Term Development Plan RPJMD, Central Java’s HDI now ranks fourteenth among the
nation’s 31 provinces and 2 special regions.
481
Although all districts of Central Java have improved their HDI, there is still wide inter-district variation See annex 4.5. While some districts have improved even above the national average,
others still rank below the national average. A comparison of urban and rural districts in Central Java shows disparities in the improvement of the HDI, similar to the uneven reduction in poverty
in rural areas, such that some rural districts still sit well below the national and provincial averages. One example of above-average improvement has occurred in urban Surakarta, the
district in which the Child-Friendly City is being piloted as discussed in the second part of this subsection. In 2007, Surakarta’s HDI ranked sixteenth among all 471 districts in Indonesia, and
was the only district from Central Java to be ranked among the nation’s 20 districts with the highest HDI.
482
An example of below-average improvement is Brebes district. While in 2007 the HDI of the district of Surakarta was 76, far above the provincial average, the HDI in Brebes was
only 64.3, far below the provincial and national averages, ranking last among all districts in the province.
Figure 4.5.5: Human development index HDI, gender development index GDI, and gender empowerment measure GEM, Central Java 1999-2007
Source: BPS - BAPPENAS - UNDP, Indonesia Human Development Report, 2004 data 1999 and 2002, BPS - The Ministry of Women’s Empowerment, Gender Based Human Development Report
Overall, wealth distribution in Central Java has become more equal across population groups over the past years, as indicated by a small decrease in the Gini Index from 0.28 in 2005 to 0.25 in
2007.
483
However, the distribution of wealth within districts in Central Java is still highly unequal, especially in rural areas see annex 4.5. Furthermore, the wide disparity across districts is also
reflected in the Williamson Index,
484
which stood at 0.75 for Central Java in 2005 and 0.74 in 2007
485
, indicating a wide disparity in the gross regional domestic product GRDP across districts municipalities. Indeed, some cities, such as Semarang and Surakarta, have a relatively high GRDP,
whereas some districts, such as Brebes and Wonosobo, show a lower GRDP.
486
The combination of a large proportion of children and women in the population in Central Java as discussed in section 4.5.2 on demographics is important in terms of human, social
and economic development measures and policy approaches. Despite overall improving poverty trends, gender-based inequality in human development persists in Central Java in
terms of income, human rights and political freedom. Many women still face unequal income opportunities and employment conditions. This is evidenced by the 2007 GEM and GDI for Central
Java, which stood at 64.3 and 59.7, respectively.
487
Furthermore, although the 2006 National Socio-Economic Survey data showed an almost equal number of men and women entering the
employment market, on average women’s wages were lower than men’s despite overall increases
480 BPS - Statistics Indonesia and the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment 2007 Gender-based human development report, BPS - Statistics Indonesia: Jakarta
481 Central Java Provincial Government 2009 Central Java Medium-Term Development Plan RPJMD 2008-2013, Central Java Provincial Government: Semarang, p13
30.00 25.00
Per cent
20.00 15.00
10.00 1999
2000 2001
2002 2003
2004
Year
Indonesia C
entral Java 2005
2006 2007
2008 2009
28.46 23.43
18.95 18.40 18.20 17.42 16.66 15.97
17.75 16.58 15.42
14.15 21.16 22.07
23.06 21.78 21.11 20.43
19.23 17.72
482 Ibid., p14; BPS - Statistics Indonesia and the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment 2007 Gender-based human development report 483 BPS - Statistics Indonesia relevant years data from the National Socio-Economic Survey, BPS: Jakarta
484 The Williamson Index indicates inequality across regions, while the Gini Index indicates inequality across population groups 485 Central Java Provincial Government 2009 Central Java Medium-Term Development Plan RPJMD 2008-2013, p15
486 Ibid. 487 BPS - Statistics Indonesia and the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment 2007 Gender-based human development report
64.6 66.3
68.9 69.8
70.3 70.9
57.4 58.7
59.8 60.8
63.7 64.3
51.2 51.0
56.5 56.9
59.3 59.7
45.0 50.0
55.0 60.0
65.0 70.0
75.0
1999 2002
2004 2005
2006 2007
Index
HDI GDI
GEM 0.00
5.00 10.00
15.00 20.00
25.00
1999
27. 8
28. 8
20. 2
21. 8
1999 20.
5 25.
19. 7
23. 2
17. 5
23. 6
17. 2
23. 5
16. 3
22. 15.
4 19. 9
11. 4
2000 2001
2002 2003
2004 2005
2006 2007
2008 2009
30.00 35.00
40.00
Urban Rural
Per cent
