Recommendation 10: Communications for development and to assist with

THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 xii THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 xiii Figure 3.1.3: Infant mortality rate IMR by province, Indonesia 2007 53 Figure 3.1.4: Under-five mortality rate U5MR by province, Indonesia 2007 53 Figure 3.1.5: Infant mortality rate IMR and provincial index of IMR disparity over time, Indonesia 1991-2007 54 Figure 3.1.6: Under-five mortality rate U5MR and provincial index of U5MR disparity over time, Indonesia 1991-2007 54 Figure 3.1.7: Infant mortality rate IMR by area, Indonesia 1997-2007 55 Figure 3.1.8: Under-five mortality rate U5MR by area, Indonesia 1997-2007 55 Figure 3.1.9: Infant mortality rate IMR by wealth quintile, Indonesia 2002-2007 55 Figure 3.1.10: Under-five mortality rate U5MR by wealth quintile, Indonesia 2002--2007 55 Figure 3.1.11: Causes of under-five deaths, Indonesia 2007 57 Figure 3.1.12: Immediate causes of maternal death: Obstetric complications, Indonesia 2007 57 Figure 3.1.13: Health coverage along the continuum of care, Indonesia 2007 58 Figure 3.1.14: Percentage of pregnant women receiving at least one antenatal care visit from a skilled health provider by province, Indonesia 2007 59 Figure 3.1.15: Percentage of pregnant women receiving at least one antenatal care visit from a skilled provider over time, Indonesia 1997-2007 60 Figure 3.1.16: Percentage of pregnant women receiving at least one antenatal care visit from a skilled provider by area, Indonesia 1997-2007 60 Figure 3.1.17: Percentage of pregnant women receiving at least one antenatal care visit from a skilled provider by wealth quintile, Indonesia 2007 60 Figure 3.1.18: Percentage of pregnant women receiving antenatal care visits by number of visits, Indonesia 1997-2007 60 Figure 3.1.19: Percentage of pregnant women with four antenatal care visits ANC-4 by area, Indonesia 1997-2007 61 Figure 3.1.20: Percentage of assisted births, Indonesia 2002-2007 62 Figure 3.1.21: Percentage of births assisted by skilled providers most qualified persons, Indonesia 2007 62 Figure 3.1.22: Percentage of women with children under age five who used trained health personnel during their most recent delivery by area, Indonesia 2000-2008 63 Figure 3.1.23: Percentage of mothers with assisted childbirths, most recent birth by area and type of assistance, Indonesia 2007 64 Figure 3.1.24: Percentage of births assisted by skilled providers, by wealth quintile, Indonesia 2007 64 Figure 3.1.25: Percentage of mothers with assisted childbirths, most recent birth by wealth quintile, Indonesia 2007 64 Figure 3.1.26: Percentage births by place of delivery, Indonesia 2002-2007 66 Figure 3.1.27: Percentage births by place of delivery and by area, Indonesia 2002-2007 66 Figure 3.1.28: Percentage of births by place of delivery and by wealth quintile, Indonesia 2007 66 Figure 3.1.29: Percentage of post-partum women with postnatal care, Indonesia 2002-2007 67 Figure 3.1.30: Percentage of post-partum women with postnatal care by area, Indonesia 2002-2007 67 Figure 3.1.31: Percentage of post-partum women with postnatal care by province, Indonesia 2007 67 Figure 3.1.32: Percentage of post-partum women with postnatal care by wealth quintile, Indonesia 2007 68 Figure 3.1.33: Percentage of children under five suffering from wasting, stunting and underweight, Indonesia 2007 69 Figure 3.1.34: Percentage of children under five suffering from wasting, stunting and underweight by area, Indonesia 2007 70 Figure 3.1.35: Percentage of children under five suffering from stunting, wasting and underweight by sex, Indonesia 2007 70 Figure 3.1.36: Percentage of children under five suffering from stunting by expenditure per capita per month, Indonesia 2007 70 Figure 3.1.37: Percentage of children under five suffering from wasting by expenditure per capita per month, Indonesia 2007 70 Figure 3.1.38: Percentage of children under five suffering from being underweight by expenditure per capita per month, Indonesia 2007 70 Figure 3.1.39: Percentage of children under five who are underweight by province, Indonesia 2007 71 Figure 3.1.40: Percentage of children under five with stunting by province, Indonesia 2007 71 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 xiv THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 xv Figure 3.1.41: Percentage of children under five with wasting by province, Indonesia 2007 72 Figure 3.1.42: Incidence of low birthweight percentage, Indonesia 1992-2007 73 Figure 3.1.43: Percentage of infants with low birthweight by province, Indonesia 2007 73 Figure 3.1.44: Percentage of infants with low birthweight by area, sex, and expenditure per capita, Indonesia 2007 73 Figure 3.1.45: Percentage of children under six months by exclusive breastfeeding or bottle-feeding, Indonesia 2002-2007 75 Figure 3.1.46: Percentage of children who started breastfeeding within one hour of birth over time, Indonesia 1997-2007 75 Figure 3.1.47: Percentage of pregnant women who receive iron tablets ≥90 tablets by province, Indonesia 2007 77 Figure 3.1.48: Percentage of pregnant women who receive iron tablets ≥90 tablets by area, Indonesia 1997-2007 77 Figure 3.1.49: Percentage of pregnant women who receive iron tablets ≥90 tablets by wealth quintile, Indonesia 2007 77 Figure 3.2.1: Percentage of households with sustainable access to clean water, Indonesia 2001-2008 85 Figure 3.2.2: Percentage of households with sustainable access to clean water by province, Indonesia 2008 85 Figure 3.2.3: Percentage of households with sustainable access to clean water by area, Indonesia 2008 86 Figure 3.2.4: Index of disparity of access to clean water and sanitation, Indonesia 2000-2008 86 Figure 3.2.5: Percentage of households with sustainable access to adequate sanitation pit latrines and septic tanks, Indonesia 2000-2008 87 Figure 3.2.6: Percentage of households with sustainable access to adequate sanitation pit latrines and septic tanks by province, Indonesia 2008 88 Figure 3.2.7: Percentage of households with sustainable access to adequate sanitation pit latrines and septic tanks by area, Indonesia 2000-2008 88 Figure 3.2.8: Projected changes in percentage of urban and rural populations, Indonesia 1990-2015 90 Figure 3.2.9: Slum areas in Indonesia, by hectare Ha over time, Indonesia 2004-2009 90 Figure 3.3.1: Cumulative AIDS cases reported over time, Indonesia 2000-2009 91 Figure 3.3.2: HIV trends and projections in Indonesia, 1980-2025 92 Figure 3.3.3: Cumulative AIDS cases by age groups, Indonesia 2000-2009 95 Figure 3.4.1: Early childhood education, 3-6 years old attendance rate over time, Indonesia 2001-2009 105 Figure 3.4.2: Net attendance in primary school, Indonesia 2000-2008 108 Figure 3.4.3: Net attendance rates in primary school by province, Indonesia 2008 108 Figure 3.4.4: Net attendance rates in primary school by sex, Indonesia 2000-2008 109 Figure 3.4.5: Net attendance rates in primary school by area, Indonesia 2000-2008 109 Figure 3.4.6: Net attendance rates in primary school and index of disparity, Indonesia 2000-2008 109 Figure 3.4.7: Trend in early school leaving dropout rates from public primary schools, over time, Indonesia 199900-200607 110 Figure 3.4.8: Public primary school early leaving dropout rates by province, Indonesia 200607 111 Figure 3.4.9: Trend in transition rates from primary to junior secondary school, Indonesia 200506-200809 111 Figure 3.4.10: Trend in net attendance rates, junior secondary school, Indonesia 2000-2008 112 Figure 3.4.11: Net attendance rate, junior secondary school by province, Indonesia 2008 112 Figure 3.4.12: Net attendance rate, junior secondary school by sex, Indonesia 2000-2008 113 Figure 3.4.13: Net attendance rate, junior secondary school by area, Indonesia 2000-2008 113 Figure 3.4.14: Trend over time and index of provincial disparity of gross attendance rates for junior secondary school, Indonesia 2000-2008 114 Figure 3.4.15: Trend of early school leaving dropout rate for junior secondary school, Indonesia 199900-200607 115 Figure 3.4.16: Early school leaving dropout rate by province, Indonesia 200607 116 Figure 3.4.17: Trend of youth literacy rate 15-24 years, Indonesia 2000-2007 117 Figure 3.4.18: Youth literacy rate 15-24 years by province, Indonesia 2007 117 Figure 3.4.19: Adult literacy rate age 10+ years by sex, Indonesia 2000-2007 118 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 xvi THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 xvii Figure 3.4.20: Adult literacy rate age 15+ years by area, Indonesia 2000-2008 118 Figure 3.4.21: MGP-BE good practice replication in non-target schools, Indonesia 2008-2009 126 Figure 3.5.1: Percentage of children aged 0-59 months whose births have been registered, Indonesia 2001-2007 129 Figure 3.5.2: Percentage of children aged 0-59 months who have birth certificates by province, Indonesia 2007 129 Figure 3.5.3: Percentage of births registered by wealth quintile, Indonesia 2007 130 Figure 3.5.4: Percentage of births registered by area, Indonesia 2007 130 Figure 3.5.5: Reason for not registering birth by area, Indonesia 2007 131 Figure 3.5.6: Reason for not registering birth by wealth quintile, Indonesia 2007 132 Figure 3.5.7: Percentage of women 20-24 years old who were married or in union before the age of 18, Indonesia 2000-2008 139 Figure 3.5.8: Percentage of women 20-24 years old who were married or in union before the age of 18 by province, Indonesia 2008 139 Figure 3.5.9: Percentage of women 20-24 years old who were married or in union before the age of 18 years by area, Indonesia 2000-2008 140 Figure 3.5.10: Working children aged 5-17 years, Indonesia 2004-2009 thousands 141 Figure 3.5.11: Labour force participation rates of children aged 10-17 years, Indonesia 2004-2009 142 Figure 3.5.12: Percentage of children aged 5-17 years by type of activity and sex, Indonesia 2009 143 Figure 3.5.13: Percentage of working children by age group and total work hours, Indonesia 2009 143 Figure 3.5.14: Percentage of working children by industry and age group, Indonesia 2009 144 Figure 3.5.15: Percentage of working children aged 5-17 years by employment status, Indonesia 2009 144 Figure 3.5.16: Percentage of working children aged 5-17 years by place of work, Indonesia 2009 145 Figure 4.1.1: Transfer of power and authority under decentralisation 171 Figure 4.2.1: East Nusa Tenggara NTT location map 183 Figure 4.2.2: Population pyramid, NTT 2005 185 Figure 4.2.3: Percentage of population below the poverty line, NTT versus Indonesia 1999-2009 186 Figure 4.2.4: Percentage of poor population by district, NTT 2008 187 Figure 4.2.5: Trends in development indices, NTT 1999-2007 187 Figure 4.2.6: Percentage of children aged under five suffering from wasting, stunting and underweight, NTT 2007 193 Figure 4.2.7: Percentage of children aged under five suffering from being underweight, stunting or wasting, by rural versus urban area, NTT 2007 194 Figure 4.2.8: Trends in prevalence of moderately underweight and severely underweight children, NTT 1989-2005 195 Figure 4.2.9: Trends in IMR and U5MR, NTT versus Indonesia, 1994-2007 202 Figure 4.2.10: Percentage of births attended by trained heath personnel, NTT 2000-2008 203 Figure 4.2.11: Percentage of children under age two who were immunised, NTT 1994-2007 207 Figure 4.2.12: Trends in access to clean water, NTT versus Total Indonesia 2000-2008 207 Figure 4.2.13: Trends in the proportion of households with sustainable access to adequate sanitation ventilated pit latrine and septic tank, NTT, 2000-2008 208 Figure 4.3.1: Map of Papua Province 227 Figure 4.3.2: HDI, GDI, GEM over time, Papua 1999-2007 230 Figure 4.3.3: HDI in selected districts, Papua 2004-2007 230 Figure 4.3.4: Cumulative reported deaths from HIV and AIDS, Papua 2000-2009 233 Figure 4.4.1: Map of Aceh 267 Table 4.4.1: Education budget, Aceh 2002-2009 270 Figure 4.4.2: Flow of funds in Aceh 270 Figure 4.4.3: Percentage of population below the poverty line, Indonesia and Aceh 1999-2009 272 Figure 4.4.4 and 4.4.5: Percentage of population below the poverty line by area 1999-2009 and by district 2008, Aceh 273 Figure 4.4.6: Human development indicators, Aceh 1999-2007 274 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 xviii THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 xix Figure 4.4.7: Attendance rates among children aged 4-6 years in early childhood education institutions, Aceh 2003-2007 276 Figure 4.4.8: Net attendance rates for primary school, Indonesia and Aceh 2003-2008 276 Figure 4.4.9: Net attendance rates for primary school by sex, Aceh 2003-2008 276 Figure 4.4.10: Primary school early leaving rates, Aceh 1999-2007 277 Figure 4.4.11: Transition rates to junior secondary school, Aceh 1999-2007 277 Figure 4.4.12: Primary school repeat rate, Indonesia and Aceh 2000-2008 278 Figure 4.4.13: Net attendance rate for junior secondary school 278 Figure 4.4.14: Gender disparities in junior secondary school participation 278 Figure 4.4.15: Trend of junior secondary school early school leaving rate, Aceh 1999-2007 279 Figure 4.4.16: Transition rate to senior secondary school, Aceh 1999-2007 279 Figure 4.4.17: Trend in repeat rates for junior secondary school, Indonesia and Aceh 2000-2009 280 Figure 4.4.18: Net attendance rate of senior secondary school, Aceh 2003-2008 280 Figure 4.4.19: Gross and net senior secondary school attendance rates by sex, Aceh 2003-2008 280 Figure 4.4.20: Type of schools in Banda Aceh and Aceh Timur, 2009 283 Figure 4.5.1: Central Java map 306 Figure 4.5.2: Projected population pyramid, Central Java 2009 307 Figure 4.5.3: Percentage of households living below the national poverty line, Indonesia and Central Java 1999-2009 308 Figure 4.5.4: Percentage of population below the poverty line by area, Central Java 1999-2009 308 Figure 4.5.5: Human development index HDI, gender development index GDI, and gender empowerment measure GEM, Central Java 1999-2007 309 Figure 5.8.1: Weaknesses in the development planning process - Inadequate attention to the needs, priorities and voices of women and children 365 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Within the overall context of Indonesia, this Situation Analysis for Children Report aims to identify, analyse, and explore the available data on the trends and patterns in the major problems affecting children and women in Indonesia over the past decade 2000-2010. It also aims to explore policy initiatives, innovations, and challenges in responding to these problems in the new decentralised governance structures of Indonesia and to provide recommendations for policy makers and practitioners at the national and sub-national levels. The Situation Analysis comprises five sections: 1 Introduction, 2 Socio-political, Economic and Demographic Context, 3 Analysis of National Indicators on the Situation of Children and Women 4 Children and Decentralization with a subsection on Voices of Children and 5 Policy Recommendations. Section 4 focuses on four very different provinces, namely Aceh, Papua, Central Java and East Nusa Tenggara. For each, an in-depth analysis is conducted on one relevant sector or issue. 1. Aceh: Examining Aceh is useful not only for understanding the vulnerabilities children and women face and how children respond in a context of complex emergencies, but also for appreciating how large scale interventions to rebuild the province have contributed to enhanced social development. Prior to the tsunami, many education facilities were destroyed as a result of the conflict between the Free Aceh Movement GAM and the Government of Indonesia GoI, a situation which was aggravated by the earthquake and tsunami. This rendered it dificult to guarantee access to education. However, in the framework of tsunami relief and investment, large scale interventions in the education sector were made following the signature of the peace agreement between the conflict parties in 2005. As a result, the education situation in the province has vastly improved, albeit unevenly at district level. This provides many lessons in policy innovation and identifies the continued challenges for improving disparities in access and quality to education in the province. 2. Central Java: Compared to other provinces, Central Java has on average a higher standard of living, but its large population, urban and rural poverty mean there are considerable inter-district and inter-income group disparities in terms of child welfare. Rural poverty in the district contributes to the migration of children to urban areas, some of which have ended up living in the streets. The study of children living in the streets, their vulnerabilities, and the policy responses to the problem highlight a number of issues in child special protection. They also describe through the pilot of the Child-friendly City of Surakarta how multi-sectoral responses under decentralization have required consistent commitment of the district government to prioritising children in policy formulation, budgeting, and the establishment of a Bureau of Child Protection. All of this has been based on the political will and the commitment of the municipality leadership and support from the provincial level to improve child rights and welfare. THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 xx THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 xxi 3. East Nusa Tenggara NTT: The long dry season and absence of a large natural resource base mean that the area is prone to drought, food shortages and other challenges to improving child welfare. The institutions delivering public services are in various stages of development and the capacity of personnel to deliver services in such a difficult context is uneven. Examining the case study of malnutrition and health in NTT is appropriate given the economic difficulties, low education levels, customary nutrition practices, and poor access to health services which are prevalent in the province. It also highlights the challenges under decentralization of improving child welfare in the province. 4. Papua: Despite being rich in natural resources, this province faces enormous challenges with limited human capital and a poor human development index. Papua also suffers from a high prevalence of HIV and AIDS HIV prevalence: 2.4 per cent compared to a national prevalence of 0.2 per cent and is classiied as experiencing a generalised epidemic in HIV and AIDS. This has been exacerbated by migration, resistance to protective measures in sex practices, and difficulties in changing behaviour due to low education and awareness levels. Papua provides an example of the challenges in combating HIV and AIDS under decentralization and special autonomy in an economically underdeveloped area and in terms of social welfare and infrastructure services in Indonesia. The Situation Analysis demonstrates that the situation of children and women has been improving. For some indicators Indonesia is on track to reach the MDGs by 2015 at the national level for example in the case of universal primary education. However, the analysis also highlights that despite these improvements there are many disparities, such as geographic, economic, gender or income group discrepancies, requiring further urgent attention of the Government and its development partners. In particular, the Situation Analysis highlights the need 1 to reduce non-income poverty Sections 2 and 3, 2 to redress socio-economic and regional disparities Sections 2 and 3, 3 to improve the uneven capacity to deliver services at the district and provincial level, and 4 to better incorporate the needs and voices of children and women into local level decision-making Section 4. The evidence presented in this Situation Analysis suggests that some of Indonesia’s most vulnerable groups continue to live in dire poverty, with poor access to education, health services, social protection, as well as safe and secure living environments Sections 2 and 3. However, it also shows, that there are government platforms where these issues are prioritised and can be further integrated in development planning, for example the Government of Indonesia’s international commitments, the RPJMN and the National Team for Accelerating Poverty Reduction. UNICEF and other UN agencies also have a mandate to support the GoI in this regard. More specifically, analysis in Section 2 clearly illustrates the improvements in economic growth and poverty reduction over time in Indonesia. However, it also explains that overall poverty reduction has not been accompanied by equitable social outcomes, with social disparity and inequality being evident between provinces, urban and rural areas, gender and socio-economic groups. Analysis in Section 3 demonstrates that with regard to a range of indicators of child and women’s welfare it is very important to enhance policy attention towards pro-poor growth and improving human development, as well as achieving MDGs with equity. The need of tapping into the current “demographic window” through strengthened systems of governance and public administration is also noted. Due attention is given to MDGs in that the analysis presented is centred on children and women, but at the same time inter-related analysis of the situation of child protection is also considered. In addition, whilst presenting a large number of indicators that correspond to data aggregated at national level, whenever possible the discussion also focuses on evidence of the profound and multiple disparities and inequalities which characterize Indonesia today. The section on child protection, or special protection as it is known in Indonesia, is distinct from the first three sections in that it relies less on indicators and aggregate quantitative data for the whole country due to data insufficiencies and more on in-depth case studies including quantitative data as well as qualitative data. This analytical approach attempts to best capture and illustrate the challenges and contradictions that accompany the incipient construction of child protection in Indonesia. Whilst this section is divided into five distinct units, it is important to underline that these five components of the analysis are deeply interrelated; outcomes in one area may affect changes in others. Each part of the analysis also identifies the major changes in policies and initiatives which have been undertaken in relation to the themes of this section, although the discussion is not exhaustive given the rapidly changing policy and regulatory environment in Indonesia. Reference to these changes is made in relation to decentralization, while they are further discussed in the sub-national analysis of Section 4. Section 4 builds on some of the challenges identified in Section 2 with regard to decentralization. These include namely: 1 building the uneven capacity of the district and provincial level arms of the Government to be able to design and administer local-level policies and regulations, 2 improving the quality and performance of the civil service at the sub-national level, 3 the complexities of designing and passing necessary regulations etc. at the provincial and district level to support policies and programmes, and 4 ensuring the even spread of quality of service delivery and assistance. It aims to examine the sub-national context from different perspectives through the four case studies, as mentioned above. These serve as examples of the policy innovations and constraints under decentralization in relation to the resources available and institutional capacity to deliver services and the particular vulnerabilities prevalent in different provinces. These are not exhaustive sectoral reviews but rather aim to elucidate the views of decision-makers and practitioners on issues affecting children’s rights and welfare. Section 4.6, focuses on the Voices of Children and demonstrates that young people do not experience health, educational and other problems in isolation, nor do they seek out ways of linking these things together. They rather experience them in a single context as a multi- dimensional series of life encounters. It focuses on a positive approach to adolescent and child development through sharing children’s narratives and stories. These demonstrate the importance of looking at development from a child and adolescent perspective. THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 xxii SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION The Situation Analysis ends in Section 5 with the below key ten recommendations provided in summary. Recommendation 1. Harmonising the national and local level legal framework. Recommendation 2. Mainstreaming the Indonesian Child Protection Law and other legislation related to child rights and welfare and promoting compliance in national and local regulations, guidelines, and policies. Recommendation 3. Improving evidence-based policing making: Reducing data deficiencies. Recommendation 4. Improving evidenced-based policy making and monitoring: Strengthening knowledge management, data collection and analysis systems at the national and local level. Recommendation 5. Improving evidenced-based policy making: Producing biennial thematic SITAN of women and children and other key public documents. Recommendation 6. Establishing a comprehensive National Child Special Protection System to uphold and monitor child rights and welfare as mandated by the Indonesian Child Protection Law. Recommendation 7. Promoting equitable development for women and children: Targeting interventions on worst performers to improve poverty reduction, pro-poor growth, and MDGs with equity. Recommendation 8. Strengthening the decentralised system through local level capacity building and support in development planning processes: improving consultative planning processes, regulations, policy formulation, programme design, and service delivery to be pro- child and pro-women. Recommendation 9. Advocating the scale up specific sectoral interventions to improve child rights and welfare and reduce inequity. Recommendation 10. Communications for development to assist with knowledge building and behavioural change to support other targeted interventions and improve the situation of women and children in Indonesia. THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 2 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 3

1.1 BACKGROUND

The Republic of Indonesia forms a vast archipelago covering three time zones between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is the world’s fourth most populous country, with an estimated population of 237.6 million in 2010, a figure which, despite declining fertility levels, has grown on average by around 3 million people or 1.49 per cent of the population each year. 1 Indonesia is a country of some 300 ethnic groups scattered across 17,508 islands, with approximately ten islands holding the bulk of the population. 2 The largest ethnic group, the Javanese, are mainly situated on the island of Java, and account for almost half of Indonesia’s population. 3 The majority of the population 85.2 per cent is Muslim, making Indonesia the country with the largest population of Muslims in the world. 4 Nevertheless, there are substantial populations of the different denominations of Christianity, Buddhists, Hindus, and others. 5 In 2010, the country had 31 provinces and two special regions within its borders at various stages of economic development. 6 In 2005, the World Bank ranked Indonesia amongst those countries with lower- middle income status. In this environment of social diversity, this Situation Analysis Report SITAN aims to identify, analyse and explore the available data on the trends and patterns in the major problems affecting children and women in Indonesia over the past decade 2000-2010. In a marked departure from past SITAN, it also aims to explore policy initiatives, innovations, and challenges in responding to these problems in the new decentralised governance structures in Indonesia. The SITAN and its recommendations should serve as a policy, programme and advocacy tool for policymakers and practitioners, locally, nationally and internationally. Although traditionally SITANs are carried out every five years, this is the first SITAN conducted since 2000 owing to the challenges that the Government of Indonesia GoI and UNICEF were facing in the middle of the last decade in responding to the devastating effects of the Indian Ocean tsunami in Aceh and surrounding areas, which occurred in December 2004. At the same time, the GoI, with the support of UNICEF, was also compiling the Millennium Development Goals MDGs report, which provided an interim situation analysis of the changes in the situation of women and children in the country. In the years following the tsunami, earthquakes and other natural disasters occurred in other parts of the country including West Java, Padang and Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta or D.I. Yogyakarta, to be referred to only as ‘Yogyakarta’ throughout the remainder of this report. These disasters, and the massive social upheaval in Indonesia which preceded them at the onset of the new millennium, have made improving the situation of women and children in such a large and diverse country a significant challenge. Escalating poverty levels following the Asian financial crisis in 1997, as well as political instability, and sporadic outbreaks of violence during the political restructuring of the county through democratisation and decentralisation discussed further in Sections 2 and 4, characterised the first half of the decade. These circumstances, coupled with the natural disasters mentioned above, have created both obstacles and opportunities within which policymakers and practitioners have sought to improve the situation of women and children in Indonesia. 1 Badan Pusat Statistik BPS – Statistics Indonesia October 2010 Laporan bulanan: Data sosial ekonomi, Vol.5, BPS: Jakarta. This igure is based on estimations from the 2010 Census. 2 Government of Indonesia 2010 available at: http:www.indonesia.go.iden - Republic of Indonesia Last accessed 5 October 2010 3 Badan Pusat Statistik BPS – Statistics Indonesia 2010 available at www.bps.go.id Last accessed 10 October 2010 4 Government of Indonesia 2010 available at http:www.indonesia.go.iden Last accessed 10 October 2010 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. The last SITAN 2000 portrayed the situation of children in the period of political transformation from authoritarianism to democratisation following 32 years of the New Order government under President Suharto. Prior to the financial crisis of 1997, Indonesia experienced a long period of remarkable economic growth see Section 2, which saw some improvements in education, health, infrastructure development and poverty levels. The situation unwound, however, with the multiple political, fiscal, and economic crises in the late 1990s, which saw devastating effects for much of the Indonesian population, but for women and children in particular. The data presented in this SITAN demonstrate how recovering from these crises has been a slow process that has continued throughout the best part of the last ten years, and that improvements have not always been achieved with equity for the poor. The financial crisis, although devastating, created an opportunity for revising traditional poverty reduction strategies. The GoI introduced a range of measures in the form of health and education social safety net programmes, as well as cash and conditional cash transfer programmes, to offset the worst impacts of the crisis for the poor, and in particular for children. This SITAN 2010 demonstrates that despite the state of instability in which Indonesia found itself in 2000, the situation of women and children in Indonesia has been improving, and that for some indicators measured nationally Indonesia is on track to reach the MDGs by 2015. For example, Indonesia is well on the way to achieving universal primary education see Table 1.1.1 for an overview of the GoI’s assessment of its progress on selected indicators for MDGs 1-7, and the challenge now remaining is to improve education quality see Sections 3.4 and Section 4.4. On other indicators, such as the Maternal Mortality Ratio, there is still much work to be done. 7 The analysis in this SITAN also highlights that despite these aggregate improvements, in many sectors there are wide geographic, economic, gender, income group, and other disparities in the improvements of the situation of women and the 83.6 million children and young people 8 in Indonesia. This requires urgent attention from government, donor, and civil society policymakers and programmers, to work towards achieving MDGs and progress with equity. Indonesia’s greatest challenges in the future, this SITAN argues, are: • Reducing non-income poverty see Sections 2 and 3; • Redressing socio-economic and regional disparities see Sections 2 and 3; • Improving the uneven capacity to deliver services at present at the district and provincial level under decentralisation see Section 4; • Better incorporating the needs and voices of women and children into local level strategies, regulations, action plans, budgets, programmes and impacts Section 4. The evidence presented in this SITAN suggests that some of Indonesia’s most vulnerable groups continue to live in dire poverty, with poor access to education, health services, social protection, as well as safe and secure living environments see Sections 2 and 3. There are, however, platforms within which tackling such disparities can be prioritised in development policymaking. The GoI, through the ratification of many human rights instruments, under its rights-based and empowerment-based poverty reduction strategy, and in its current National Medium-Term Development Plan Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional, RPJMN 2010-2014, has a mandate to protect the vulnerable and redress inequalities. Recognising the 7 Note that while the infant mortality rate IMR indicator is on track according to the GoI summary on its progress towards achieving MDGs, it is based on progress where the baseline is set at 1990. In the case that the baseline is set at 2000, far less progress has been achieved with only a two-point reduction in the under-five mortality rate and a one-point reduction in the IMR – see Section 3. 8 Badan Pusat Statistik BPS – Statistics Indonesia August 2010 Trends of the selected socio-economic indicators of Indonesia, August 2010, BPS: Jakarta, available at: http:www.bps.go.id65tahunBoklet_Agustus_2010.pdf Last accessed 15 October 2010. Note: This number is calculated for the age group of 0-19 years. THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 4 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 5 problem of poverty and disparities in Indonesia, the GoI has also created the National Team for Accelerating Poverty Reduction TNP2K, Tim Nasional Percepatan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan, chaired by the vice president. 9 The purpose of the inter-ministerial National Team is to develop an overarching policy framework that has the long-term goal of speeding up poverty reduction and reducing the impact of shocks and stresses on the poor and vulnerable. 10 In the medium-term, the goal is to improve the quality of policy advice and to unite all of the GoI’s social assistance and poverty programmes. 11 The National Team will design and oversee social assistance and poverty reduction programmes, while consolidating, simplifying, and improving the efficiency of existing programmes. 12 The National Team will also identify important but troubled social protection programmes and resolve their implementation problems. 13 They will look to create synergies in poverty alleviation activities across ministries. 14 United Nations agencies such as UNICEF, under the Human Rights Based Approach HRBA, also have the mandate and the commitment to continue seeking to improve the situation of the most marginalised and disadvantaged; groups that are identified throughout this SITAN report. As such, there is considerable policy space to work with the GoI at the national and sub-national level to improve the situation of vulnerable and disadvantaged women and children in Indonesia. 9 Presidential Regulation Peraturan Presiden No. 152010 on Accelerating Poverty Reduction formed an inter-ministerial task force 10 See also the Tim Nasional Percepatan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan TNP2K website available at: http:tnp2k.wapresri.go.idberita10- siaran-pers258-press-release.html Last accessed 15 October 2010 11 Ibid. 12 Ibid. 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid. Table 1.1.1: Government of Indonesia’s assessment of Indonesia’s progress on selected MDGs MDGs GOAL STATUS Goal 1. Eradicate Extreme Poverty And Hunger Target 1A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than US1 PPP a day 1. Proportion of population below US1 PPP per day Achieved 2. Poverty gap ratio incidence x depth of poverty On track Target 1B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people 3. Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment On track Target 1C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger 4. Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age On track 5. Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption Needs special attention Goal 2. Achieve Universal Primary Education Target 2A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling 6. Net enrolment rate in primary school NER On track 7. Proportion of pupils starting Year 1 who complete primary school On track 8. Literacy rate for the 15-24 year age group On track Goal 3. Promote Gender Equality And Empower Women Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015 9. Ratio of girls to boys in primary schools Achieved 10. Ratio of girls to boys in junior high schools Achieved 11. Ratio of girls to boys in senior high schools On track 12. Ratio of girls to boys in higher education On track 13. Literacy ratio of women to men in the 15-24 year age group Achieved 14. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector On track 15. Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament On track Goal 4. Reduce Child Mortality Target 4A: Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate 16. Under-five mortality rate per 1,000 live births On track 17. Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births On track 18. Neonatal mortality rate per 1,000 live births On track 19. Proportion of one-year-old children immunized against measles On track Goal 5. Improve Maternal Health Target 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio 20. Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births Needs special attention 21. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel On track Target 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health 22. Current contraceptive use among married women aged 15-49 years, any method On track 23. Adolescent birth rate per 1,000 women aged 15-19 years On track 24. Antenatal care coverage at least one visit On track 25. Antenatal care coverage at least four visits On track 26. Unmet need for family planning Needs special attention Goal 6. Combat HIV and AIDS, Malaria And Other Diseases Target 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV and AIDS 27. HIV and AIDS Prevalence among total population per cent Needs special attention 28. Proportion of married population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV and AIDS Needs special attention 29. Proportion of unmarried population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV and AIDS Needs special attention Target 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV and AIDS for all those who need it 30. Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugs Needs special attention Target 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases 31. Incidence rate associated with malaria per 1,000 On track 32. Proportion of children under age five sleeping under insecticide-treated mosquito nets Needs special attention Goal 7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability Target 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation 33. Proportion of households with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural Needs special attention 34. Proportion of households with sustainable access to basic sanitation, urban and rural Needs special attention Target 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers 35. Proportion of urban population living in slums Needs special attention Source : Ministry of National Development Planning BAPPENAS. Report on the Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals Indonesia 2010. Jakarta : BAPPENAS, 2010 © UNICEF2004Josh Estey THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 6 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 7

1.2 CHILD RIGHTS AND THE LEGAL AND

POLICY FRAMEWORK IN INDONESIA Pro-child social policy in this SITAN is based on the assumption that the entire policy formulation and implementation process is informed by human rights principles as have been ratified in Indonesia. Child rights have been a major concern at the global level since the ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child CRC in 1989. This has produced a variety of social policy changes throughout the world, including child labour laws, the creation of a juvenile court system, mandatory education requirements and child protection laws. 15 Many of these changes are also occurring in the Indonesian context. Indonesia has established an institutional and legal framework within which to seek to improve child welfare. Prior to this SITAN, the GoI introduced the CRC through Presidential Decree No. 361990. 16 In the Presidential Decree, there are seven articles that were ratified with reservations conditions dengan syarat. These articles were only then applied when in line with the Constitution. “The ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by the Republic of Indonesia does not imply the acceptance of obligations going beyond the Constitutional limits nor the acceptance of any obligation to introduce any right beyond those prescribed under the Constitution. With reference to the provisions of Articles 1, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22 and 29 of this Convention, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia declares that it will apply these articles in conformity with its Constitution.” 17 These reservations were revoked by a Charter on Reservation Revocation signed by the Indonesian Foreign Minister Hasan Wirayuda on 11 January 2005, in D.K.I. Jakarta Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, to be referred to just as ‘Jakarta’ throughout the rest of this report. While the CRC not including the two Optional Protocols has been ratified by the president, it has to date not been ratified through parliament to form a binding statute which would supersede a Presidential Decree. Most importantly, the GoI has ratified a number of laws on human rights, including Law No. 391999 on Human Rights and Law No. 232002 on Child Protection, during the period of this SITAN for further information on this, see Box 1.2.1. The Indonesian Law on Child Protection ILCP, and its consequent treatment in the RPJMN, particularly 2010-2014 approved in January 2010, views child protection holistically including the rights to health and education with child protection as it is understood by UNICEF and other agencies being described as ‘special protection’. Article 2 of the ILCP states that it is based on the principles of the CRC. Overall, the basic principles underlying the ILCP are: a non-discrimination; b the best interests of the child; c the right to life, continuity of life, and development; and d respect for the opinions of children. 15 Miller-Perrin, C. L. and Perrin, R. D. 2007 Child maltreatment: An introduction, 2nd ed., Sage publications: Newbury Park 16 Presidential Decrees are ranked lower than LawsStatutes Undang-undang. Although the United Nations CRC was ratified by Presi- dential Decree, the ILCP2002 doesn’t officially mention the CRC as a legal instrument for consideration in the preamble, as Laws in Indo- nesia may not refer to regulations that are lower in rank. 17 Multilateral Treaties deposited with the Secretary-General 1992 Status as at 31 December 1991, United Nations: New York, p201 Some child rights are mentioned specifically in the 1945 Indonesian Constitution following the four sets of amendments. These include the rights of the child to grow and develop, and to be protected from violence and discrimination. However, the amendments do not recognize the rights relating to child participation, the right to be heard, or for their opinions to be valued. These rights are, however, addressed in the ILCP Article 10: “Every child shall be entitled to speak and have his opinions listened to, and to receive, seek and impart information in accordance with his intellect and age for the sake of his personal development, in accordance with the norms of morality and propriety.” 18 While this right could be somewhat moderated by interpretations of “norms of morality and propriety,” it nonetheless provides a legal platform for children to participate in decisions which affect them. Furthermore, in contrast to the CRC, the ILCP not only outlines the rights of the child but also their obligationsduties. It remains to be explored to what extent interpretation of the obligation-related articles can also be used to restrict child rights in practice. Finally, the ILCP defines childhood as starting in the womb until the age of 18. Law No. 362009 on Health uses the same deinition as the ILCP for the provision of health services up to age 18 years. This is in contrast with other laws, such as Law No. 11974 on Marriage, where the minimum age for marriage is 16 for females and 19 for males, and under Law No. 251997 on Labour, a child is defined as aged under 15 years, and young people are defined as aged 15-17 years. Childhood comes to an end when a child is married, according to Law No. 122006 on Citizenship. These different definitions of the age span for childhood may affect children in terms of child special protection. Overall, however, the protection for human rights and child rights now offered under Indonesian law far is far greater than that proffered by the Suharto regime. Key human rights are now being enforced by Indonesia’s recently established Constitutional Court through Article 24C of the Constitution and Law No. 242003. Indonesia also has a constitutional Bill of Rights 19 and the Human Rights Law No. 391999, which outlines the range of recognized human rights and elaborates on many of the Bill of Rights articles. These provisions can be overridden by other statutes, if they are more detailed or more recently enacted. Nevertheless, Human Rights Courts have been established permanently in Jakarta, Medan, Surabaya and Makassar. These are the only courts that can impose penalties for breaches against the Human Rights Law for genocide or gross human rights violations. 20 The UNDP Justice For All report states that: “The Human Rights Law contains more rights speciically related to women, children and other vulnerable groups than does the Constitution. Chapter III Part 9 of the Law regarding children’s rights contains more rights than any other of the Law’s subject areas, and emphasises that ‘children’s rights are human rights and, in their interests, are recognised and protected by law even when they are in the womb’. It provides additional legal protections for child defendants, such as disallowing the imposition of the death penalty 18 “Setiap anak berhak menyatakan dan didengar pendapatnya, menerima, mencari, dan memberikan informasi sesuai dengan tingkat kecerdasan dan usianya demi pengembangan dirinya sesuai dengan nilai-nilai kesusilaan dan kepatutan.” 19 This Bill of Rights is largely based on a 1998 Decree of the People’s Consultative Assembly MPR, which contained a Human Rights Charter. This Charter was essentially replicated in the Human Rights Law Law No. 391999 and the Human Rights Court Law Law No. 262000. Four different sets of constitutional amendments were made in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002, with the Bill of Rights contained in the 2000 amendments. 20 UNDP 2006 Justice for all: An assessment of access to justice in five provinces of Indonesia, UNDP: New York, pp22-23