SUMMARY OF THE 10 RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THIS SITAN

THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 352 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 353 includes aspects of psychological violence and neglect. As discussed in Section 3, when broader definitions are used they cannot always be disaggregated to in order to compare similar subsets of data with earlier studies, making it difficult to draw an accurate picture of the changes taking place over time. In spite of this, this SITAN pieced together, from disparate data sources, a picture of the trends in key indicators of child welfare in Indonesia. It has shown that in many sectors there have been aggregate improvements, while identifying other sectors that require continued attention. This SITAN has also begun the process of trying to identify whether there are inequities between population groups in these improvements. Gaps in the available data have made it difficult to consistently identify both the sources of vulnerabilities and the populations most at risk. It has also been difficult to ascertain whether the interventions and policies introduced have improved the welfare of women and children over time, and how or under what circumstances international and local agencies can provide support for the GoI in its efforts to alleviate child suffering. Nonetheless, this SITAN has demonstrated that despite improvements in those indicators for which data are available, inequalities still exist, particularly for the poor. It is therefore likely that equitable development will be one of the key issues in the future as Indonesia continues to makes progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals MDGs, improving economic growth and reducing poverty. Therefore, data will be essential for future evidence- based policymaking that aims to understand the sources of inequality and inequity and the types of populations that may be lagging behind, to ensure the appropriate targeting of the poor, women and different populations of children. Comparisons need to be made between regions urbanrural, provincial, district, sub-district and even villages and groups within society income, age, gender, religious, ethnic and other identities by policymakers, government agencies and practitioners. In line with the UNICEF Mid-Term Strategic Plan, this SITAN recommends that UNICEF and other agencies support the GoI at the local and national levels to conduct further research and data collection related to education and early childhood development ECD; health, nutrition, water and sanitation; HIV and AIDS and the situation of adolescents; and, most importantly, child special protection and other aspects of child welfare more generally. The specific data gaps identified in the process of compiling this SITAN include data over time using standardised definitions on the following this is not an exhaustive list: Child special protection • Child poverty both income and non-income poverty • The hidden employment of children in informal sectors, which may result from forced migration such as trafficking, and domestic internment, etc. • Numbers, handling, and pastcurrent living conditions for: o children in pre-trial and post-trial detention and children in conflict with the law o children in contact with the law as victims and witnesses o orphaned children o children involved in pornography o children living on the streets o trafficked children o children forced into sex work o children and young people using drugs o children and young people living with HIV and AIDS o percentage of AIDS orphans in high prevalence provinces 1 UNICEF n.d. Definitions - Education, available at: http:www.unicef.orginfobycountrystats_popup5.html Last accessed 17 March 2011 o displaced children o children of migrants o children migrating alone o children with special needs o children involved in the most hazardous forms of labour o children working illegally o child domestic workers o children experiencing violence at home o children experiencing violence at school o neglected children • The provision and quality of care in alternative care institutions and the numbers of children in institutional care • Unregistered births • Child and women victims of domestic violence o types of violence o conditions in the home o likely causes • Data deiciencies Health, nutrition, water and sanitation • Maternal mortality rates at the provincial level • UN process indicators of emergency obstetric and neonatal care services • Treatment coverage of diarrhoea with oral rehydration salts and zinc for children under ive • Treatment coverage of pneumonia with antibiotics for children under ive • Nationwide and provincial data of annual parasite incidence malaria • Costing of health interventions at district level for inancing and budgeting • Exclusive breastfeeding practices and complementary feeding at the sub-national level • Stunting, wasting and underweight rates over time • Access to clean water and adequate sanitation using Joint Monitoring Programme JMP measurement methods Education Data issues for education are as much about accuracy of data as as about data gaps. Better quality data using standardised definitions1, particularly at the sub-national level, are needed on: • ECD education facilities type, quality, access and enrolmentattendance • Gross and net primary school, junior and senior secondary school enrolment ratios gender • Completion rates of primary school Years 1-9 • Early school leaving rates • Last school year completed • Transition rates from primary to junior secondary school • Numbers of internet users, phone users More research is needed on: • ‘Access to issues’ among vulnerable and disadvantaged groups i.e., applying the ‘access to justice’ approach to the education sector THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 354 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN INDONESIA 2000-2010 355 HIV and AIDS Need to expand and disaggregate existing indicators on HIV and AIDS by age cohort 10-14, 15- 19, 20-24 years, especially for indicators on: • Most-at-risk MAR adolescents, especially vulnerable adolescents • Prevention of mother-to-child transmission PMTCT • Protection Examples of other kinds of data needed not exhaustive • PMTCT and paediatric treatment: o estimated number of HIV-positive pregnant women o estimated percentage of HIV-positive pregnant women who received antiretroviral therapy ART for PMTCT o estimated number of children 0-14 years living with HIV o number of children 0-14 years receiving ART o percentage of pregnant women who were tested for HIV and who know their results o percentage of infants born to HIV-positive mothers who are infected o percentage of infants born to HIV-positive mothers who received an HIV test within 12 months • Prevention: o HIV prevalence among young people 15-24 years o percentage of young people 15-24 years who have comprehensive knowledge of HIV o percentage of sexually active young women and men aged 15-24 years who received an HIV test in the last 12 months and who know their results o percentage of young people 15-24 years who had sex with more than one partner in the last 12 months o percentage of young people 15-24 years with multiple partners and who used a condom at last sex o percentage of young people 15-19 years who had sex before age 15 Additional research is needed on: • Youth vulnerability to HIV and AIDS including sexual behaviours, MAR adolescents, especially vulnerable adolescents • Socio-economic assessment of affected households and type of assistance received in terms of free basic external support • Level of HIV sensitivity of social welfare schemes Youth • Onset of puberty and its consequences in terms of mobility, schooling and marriage • Youth living arrangements • Schooling experience • Time use, mobility and social networks • Transition to marriage, including the degree of choice in timing of marriage and selection of spouse • Sexual activity and the context in which it occurs • Economic status and livelihood opportunities • Participation and membership in social and civic groups Given that UNICEF and the GoI both place priority on working towards achieving the MDGs with equity, this requires the ability to monitor progress along regional and sub-population lines. Data should therefore be collected so that it can be disaggregated by: 2 See for example: Diprose, R. 2009 ‘Decentralisation, horizontal inequalities, and conlict management in Indonesia’, in: Brown, G. and Diprose, R. Ethnopolitics . Vol.81: 107-134; Stewart, F. Ed. 2008 Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict, Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke • Province • District • Sub-district and village at the local level • Urbanrural location • Household incomeexpenditure • Education • Gender • Age • Religion • Ethnicity and customary groups There are some indications that discriminatory practices and inequalities exist in some districts in terms of access to services or resources along religious and ethnic lines, particularly in what were previously conflict areas, which also impacts on migration and displacement. 2 These inequalities may be differently experienced by women and children. Therefore, it is suggested that data be collected in a way that can be disaggregated by religious and ethnic group, as well as by age and gender.

5.4 RECOMMENDATION 4: IMPROVING EVIDENCE-BASED

POLICYMAKING - PRODUCING BIENNIAL THEMATIC SITAN OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN AND OTHER KEY PUBLIC DOCUMENTS Recommended for: UNICEF with the support of GoI The rapid social, economic and political changes that Indonesia has experienced over the last 10 years indicate that the situation of women and children in Indonesia, particularly in the decentralised context, is rapidly changing. It has not been possible to examine all of these changes and their impact on the situation of women and children, every aspect of the progress made in terms of child rights, or every gap in welfare and access in detail in this SITAN. This is why, in addition to national trends, only four provinces were examined in one key sector each. In order to maximise the utility of this information and explore new phenomena, gaps, behavioural and institutional changes, and so on, this SITAN recommends conducting biennial thematic SITAN and compiling other key public documents using data from smaller studies. Conducting SITAN every two years is recommended since data collection and analysis in a context as large as Indonesia is both time consuming and resource intensive. Particular thematic areas that would complement the findings of this SITAN are: • Child special protection with a focus on juvenile justice, sexual exploitation, protecting women and children from violence and abuse, and the situation of migrant and displaced children, to form a holistic child protection and monitoring system. • The well-being of young people given the emerging demographic window. • Inequalities and safeguarding against discrimination along gender, religious, ethnic and income lines.