8 whereby a learner acquires knowledge by his or her own efforts and develops the
ability for enquiry and critical evaluation. In this research, independent learning is a process of forming autonomous habit of students in ELESP Sanata Dharma
University in learning process which guides them to be able to take responsible to their own learning and further more to their own choices and actions in real life.
2. Teaching-Learning Media
Latuheru 1988 defines teaching-learning media as any aids and equipment which are used in teaching-learning process with a view to deliver
message, information, and learning material from the sources, both teachers and other sources, to recipients learners. According to Clark 1983: 457, media is
merely a vehicle in teaching-learning process. It does not influence students’ achievement. As he states, “the choice of vehicle might influence the cost or
extent of distributing instruction, but the only content of the vehicle can influence achievement” p. 445. In this study, learning media are any supportive equipment
in teaching which have purposes to help students and lecturers in ELESP Sanata Dharma University in understanding, delivering learning materials, and enhancing
independent learning skills.
3. Worksheet
According to Collins Discovery Encyclopedia 2005, for social science or education, worksheet is defined as a sheet of paper containing exercises to be
completed by a pupil or student. While Encarta MSN Dictionary 2009 defines
the term of worksheet in three scopes. Firstly, sheet of questions for students: a sheet of questions or tasks for students on a recent lesson. Secondly, sheet
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recording work: a sheet of paper used for keeping a record of work done or scheduled. The last one is sheet for draft: a sheet of paper used for making a
rough draft or preliminary notes. In this study, worksheets are teaching-learning media employed by lecturers in ELESP in classrooms in a form of a sheet of
paper containing questions, exercises and important points of a learning material to enhance students’ understanding on the material and students’ independence in
learning.
4. Perception
The definition of perception can be derived from some sources. Robbins 2001: 121-122 states that perception is a process by which individuals organize
and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. According to Haire 1956 as cited in Leontive 1981: 31,
perception is defined as “a process in which the individual recognizes information, fits the information and compares the information with the previous
one which is stored in the person’s memory. Another definition is stated by Kreitner and Kinicky 1992: 26, “perception is a mental and cognitive process
that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings.” In this research, perception deals with students’ and lecturers’ opinions, thoughts, feelings, and
views on the use of worksheets in teaching-learning process to enhance students’ independence in learning in ELESP Sanata Dharma University, also their
behavioral responses towards the perception.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter aims to discuss the fundamental theories underlying this study. There are two elements discussed in this chapter; theoretical description
which discusses some relevant theories and research studies to the topic and theoretical framework which relates the theories to the research.
A. Theoretical Description
The theoretical description mainly discusses independent learning, media which focuses more on the worksheet, and perception.
1. Independent Learning
Learner independence and learner autonomy has become a focus of goals in language learning. They become crucial and ideal goals to achieve since those
two aspects may help students find their role in broader level; that is society. According to Purwadi 1980 independent learning or Independent Study, as how
he calls it is learning activities which are intended to develop and improve the learner himherself. Often, the awareness comes from within the student
himherself. While Kesten 1987: 3 perceives independent learning as “learning in which the learner, in conjunction with relevant others, can make the decisions
necessary to meet the learner’s own learning needs.” In the process of acquiring independence in learning, learners do not only develop knowledge and skills, but
