The Grammar of Ideational Meaning: Transitivity

greeting, persuading, and the like. The interpersonal function embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations. This includes the various ways the speaker enters a speech situation and performs a speech act. Modality and Mood are often used to express the interpersonal function. Mood shows what role a speaker selects in the speech situation and what role he assigns to the addressee. If the speaker selects the imperative mood, he assumes the role of one giving commands and puts the addressee in the role of one expected to obey orders. It is one of the most important systems in social communication. On the one hand, it can objectively express the speaker‘s judgment toward the topic. On the other hand, it can show the social role relationship, scale of formality and power relationship. In English, except modal verbs, modal adverbs, adjectives, there are also personal pronouns, notional verbs, tense, direct and indirect speeches to express the modalization. Mood involves types of clause structure declarative, interrogative, degrees of certainty or obligation, use of tags, attitudinal words, politeness markers, etc. relates to interpersonal meaning. Modality refers to a speaker‘s attitudes towards or opinion about the truth of a proposition expressed by a sentence. It also extends to their attitude towards the situation or event described by a sentence. Modality is therefore a major exponent of the interpersonal function of language Simpson, 2005.

c. The Grammar of Textual Meaning: Theme

The textual function refers to the fact that language has the mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences. It looks for the items that combine together to make text cohesive and give it a unit of texture Halliday and Hassan, 1976. Furthermore, Halliday 1985 states that textual metafunction deals with the combination of patterns of grammar and vocabulary that ties meaning in text and connects the text to the social context in which it occurs. This meta-function consists of two sub-functions, Theme and Rheme Halliday, 2004. The definition of Theme as given by Halliday is that it is the element this serves as the point of departure of the message with which the clause is concerned Halliday, 1985. Theme is then the starting point of the clause message and it sets up the local context of a clause. It typically contains familiar or given information. In declarative mood, for example, a Subject acts as given information which is not marked while a theme that is something other than subject is called as a marked theme Halliday, 2004. In Traditional Grammar, this is similar to the concept of Fronting which is a term applied to receive the marked theme by moving into initial position an item which is otherwise unusual there Quirk et al.,1985. According to Mayr 2008, the choice of a marked theme contributes the ideological function of a text. Rheme, in the other hand is the defined as the part of the clause in which the Theme is developed. It contains unfamiliar or ‗new‘ information. Rheme is everything that is not included in theme Eggins, 2004. Theme and Rheme combination makes up the thematic structure of the clause Bloor and Bloor, 1995. Themes, especially, are examined in different ways by looking at the difference between marked and unmarked Themes. Then,