they are also examined based on the difference between textual, interpersonal and topical Themes.
Table 2.4. Components of Theme
No. Theme
Components of Theme
1. Textual theme
Continuatives Conjunctions
Conjunctive adjuncts Wh-relatives
2. Interpersonal theme
Vocatives Modal adjuncts
Finite elements Wh-question words
3. Topical theme
Participant Circumstance
Process
Adapted From: Eggins, 2004: 81
Eggins 2004 explains there Theme development in text. The first is the Theme reiteration or a constant theme that simply repeat the same participant in
order to create a clear focus. The second is the zigzag pattern or linear Theme in which the matter in the Rheme that is embedded in the first theme becomes the
Theme in the following clause. It gains the cohesiveness by developing the newly introduced information. The third is the multiple-Theme pattern where a Theme
includes a number of different pieces of information.
5. Review on the Theoretical Aspects of Spoken Political Speeches
To define political participation is not only to see it as the activity of politicians on one side and mere voting of citizens on the other, but also as an
effort to persuade someone. Action like this is perceived as social practice and they consists of some exchange between the person who want to say or change
something by particular activity and the audience to which this activity is primarily purposed. In other words, these actions are forms of public opinion
expression Hayes, Scheufele, and Huge, 2006. To become a skillful political speaker means to manage all aspect of
intelligence: analytical, creative and, especially, practical. The last of them may be considered the most important one because, above all, practical intelligence helps
to manage the so-called political skill. This political skill which learnt only to some degree is presumably dependent on the so-called tacit knowledge. Tacit
knowledge may be defined as social skill gained through various experiences during a particular time. Tacit knowledge, furthermore, compared to intuition,
common sense, and good feeling. Politicians who have acquired a management of tacit knowledge and consequently also the political skills have a higher probability
of success in their communication because they can appropriately read the situation and, for instance, know when to use humor to reduce the tension
Perrewé et al., 2000. However, For Wilson 2001, politicians seem want to hide the negative within particular formulations such that the population may not see
the truth or the horror before them. That is for the sake of controlling the society.
a. Changes of the Features of Political Speeches through the Time
CDA concerns more on the extralinguistic factor which deals with the social cultural development that is the reality that becomes the circumstances
where a text is produced. Due to the fact that it has not been described more thoroughly it might seem that this reality is dependent just on the place where the
political event is held and on the public whom the political speech is dedicated to;
nevertheless, within the analysis of the particular political event and in setting it into particular extra linguistic environment it should be born in, the mind
furthermore, the time when it has taken place. The terms like negroes are generally felt as inappropriate in recent days and it is sensitively considered
during a preparation of the speech. It is just not surprising that even the political environment in 1960s differs significantly from the contemporary one. Further
steps in movements like feminism or racial equality it would be felt as politically inappropriate to ascribe the role of women only as secretaries making coffees to
her male bosses or to show black waiters serving coffee to white men in a fancy hotel dining room Hirschman, Scott, and Wells, 2006. Expressions like these are
a matter of political and moral evaluation. Among the characteristics of popular features in political speeches is often an effort to empower the powerless, give the
voice the voiceless, expose power and abuse and mobilize people to remedy social wrongs Blommaert and Bulcaen, 2000.
b. Some Features of Analysis of Political Discourse
This part aims at introducing and explaining the basic methods and approaches of political discourse analysis. Firstly, the tendency to map political
speech is a domain of various disciplines which may be characterized by many studies focusing on different constitutive elements and using a variety of methods.
It is, however, necessary to point out here that some of these studies and methods bear little or even no relation to any linguistic theory. For instance, content
analysis, the goal of which is to map and count of themes in order to test
