30 To construct a set of materials for instructional activities employing R D
method, there was a cycle to follow. The cycle was used as guideline for the researcher to construct, evaluate, and improve the designed set of materials. The
researcher utilized Borg and Gall model of R D cycle. The steps of R D cycle are explained by Borg Gall 1983 as follows:
1. Borg Gall’s Research and Development Cycle
According to Borg and Gall 1983, Research and Development R D method is a process used to develop and validate educational products, such as
teaching materials, teaching methods, and methods for organizing instructional. To construct a set of materials for instructional activities employing R D
method, there was a cycle to follow. The cycle was used as guideline for the researcher to construct, evaluate, and improve the designed set of materials. The
researcher utilized Borg and Gall model of R D cycle. There are ten steps of R D cycle according to Borg Gall.
The first step is research and information collecting. It includes review of literature, classroom observations, and preparation of report of state of the art.
When the nature of the educational product has been identified, literature review is done to collect research findings and other information related to the planned
development. Besides, it was done to determine the state of knowledge in the area of concern.
The second step is planning. It includes defining skills, stating objectives, determining course sequence, and small scale feasibility testing. The most
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
31 important aspect of planning a research-based educational product is the statement
of the specific objectives to be achieved by the product. The third step is develop preliminary form of product. It includes
preparation of instructional materials, handbooks, and evaluation devices. In preliminary form of product, the product must be structured to permit obtaining as
much feedback as possible from the field test. The fourth step is preliminary field testing. According to Borg Gall
1983, this step involves the implementation of the product to a small group of students. It also includes the collection and analysis of interview, observational
and questionnaire. Preliminary field testing is the step of evaluating the materials. It is the evaluation of the new educational product and evaluated by a small group
of teachers. The fifth step is main product revision. Main Product Revision is the
”revision of product as suggested by the preliminary field-test results” p.771. It is the revision of product as suggested by the preliminary field-tests results.
The sixth step is main field testing. The revised product based on the main product revision was implemented to larger group of students or to some classes.
Quantitative dat a on subjects’ pre-course and post-course performance are
collected. Results are evaluated with respect to course objectives and are compared with control group data, when appropriate.
The seventh and eighth steps are operational product revision and operational field testing. Operational product revision is the revision of product as
suggested by main field-tests results. Meanwhile, operational field testing is the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
32 collecting and analyzing of interview, observational and questionnaire data. The
product is implemented to some schools. Then, the ninth step is final product revision. Final product revision is the revision of product as suggested by
operational field-test results. The last step is dissemination and implementation. It is the report on
product at professional meetings and in journal. Work with publisher who assumes commercial distribution. Monitor distribution to provide quality control.
Those mentioned above are the ten steps of Borg and Gall R D cycle. However, this research would only apply the first to the fifth steps. It was for the
reason of efficiency in time and capacity. Here are the steps of designing the materials in this research:
1. Research and Information Collecting
