Types of Loan Words

2 e which is not pronounced is released phoneme fonem 3 i does not change when appears at the beginning of a word before a vowel ion ion 4 u does not change structure struktur b Spelling Adjustment with Double vowels Table 2 : Spelling Adjustments with Double Vowels Rules English Indonesian 1 If ae unvaried with e, the form does not change aerobe aerob 2 If ae varies with e, the form becomes e anaemia anemia 3 ai does not change trailer trailer 4 au does not change hydraulic hidraulik 5 ea does not change idealist idealis 6 ea when its pronunciation is i is changed into i team tim 7 ei does not change eicosane eikosan 8 eo does not change stereo stereo 9 eu does not change euphony eufoni 10 ie does not change when its pronunciation is i hierarchy hierarki 11 iu does not change calsium kalsium 12 oi does not change exploitation eksploitasi 13 oo is changed into u when its pronunciation is u cartoon kartun 14 oo double vowels does not change coordination koordinasi 15 ou is changed into u when its pronunciation is u coupon kupon 16 ua does not change aquarium akuarium 17 ue does not change consequent konsekuen 18 ui does not change conduite konduite 19 uo does not change quota kuota 20 uu is changed into phoneme u prematuur prematur c Spelling Adjustment with Single Consonant Table 3 : Spelling Adjustments with Single Consonant Rules English Indonesian 1 c before vowels a, o, u, or the consonant is changed into k vocal vokal 2 c before vowels e, i, oe, and y is changed into phoneme s central sentral 3 q is changed into k aquarium akuarium 4 f does not change fossil fosil 5 g does not change energy energi 6 t is changed into s, when it appears before vowel i and its pronunciation is s action aksi 7 v does not change television televisi 8 x does not change when it appears at the beginning of word xenon xenon 9 x at the other position, is changed into ks executive eksekutif 10 y, when its pronunciation is y, does not change yangonin yangonin 11 y is changed into i when its pronunciation is i synonym sinonim 12 z does not change zenith zenith d Spelling Adjustment with Double Consonants Table 4 : Spelling Adjustments with Double Consonants Rules English Indonesian 1 ph is changed into f phase fase 2 ps does not change psychiatry psikiatri 3 pt does not change pteridology pteridologi 4 cc before vowels o, u or the consonant is changed into k acculturation akulturasi 5 cc before vowels e or i is changed into ks accent aksen 6 ch and cch before vowels a, o, or the consonant are changed into k cholera kolera 7 ch when its pronunciation is c is changed into c charter carter 8 ch when its pronunciation is s or sy is changed into s echelon eselon 9 gh is changed into phoneme g when it appears before vowels sorghum sorgum 10 ng does not change congress kongres 11 rh is changed into phoneme r rhapsody rapsodi 12 sc before vowels a,o, u, or the consonant is changed into sk scandium skandium 13 sc before vowels e, i, and y is changed into phoneme s scenography senography 14 sch before vowels is changed into sk schema skhema 15 th is changed into t theocracy teokrasi 16 xc before vowels e or i, is changed into ks exception eksepsi 17 xc before vowels a, o, u, and the consonant, is changed into ksk excavation ekskavasi 18 Double consonants are changed into single consonant except when there are consonants which can make difference in meaning accu aki 2 Adjustment of Consonant Clusters The adjustment of consonant clusters are not translated and accepted into Bahasa Indonesia, if possible to maintain its visual form. For example: 3 Adjustment of Affixes The adjustment of affixes can be classified in two groups; adjustment of suffix and adjustment of prefix. The adjustment of suffix is absorbed into Bahasa Indonesia as a part of full words. The words such as standardisasi Standar +disasi , implementasi implement +tasi and obyektif obyek +tif are full absorbed, instead of standar, implemen, and obyek. The adjustment of prefix is as follows: aberration become aberasi, anemia become anemia. Another expert, Kridalaksana, has a statement that the loan words used in Indonesia must be based on Ejaan yang Disempurnakan EYD The Standard Indonesian Spelling System. According to Kridalaksana 1993, bl- Blastula  bl- blastula cl- Clinic  kl- klinik -ck Block  -k blok