12 sc before vowels a,o, u, or the consonant is changed into sk scandium
skandium 13 sc before vowels e, i, and y is changed into phoneme s
scenography senography
14 sch before vowels is changed into sk schema
skhema 15 th is changed into t
theocracy teokrasi
16 xc before vowels e or i, is changed into ks exception
eksepsi 17 xc before vowels a, o, u, and the consonant, is changed into ksk
excavation ekskavasi
18 Double consonants are changed into single consonant except when there are
consonants which can make difference in meaning accu
aki
2 Adjustment of Consonant Clusters
The adjustment of consonant clusters are not translated and accepted into Bahasa Indonesia, if possible to maintain its visual form. For example:
3 Adjustment of Affixes
The adjustment of affixes can be classified in two groups; adjustment of suffix and adjustment of prefix. The adjustment of suffix is absorbed
into Bahasa Indonesia as a part of full words. The words such as standardisasi Standar +disasi
, implementasi implement +tasi and obyektif obyek +tif
are full absorbed, instead of standar, implemen, and obyek. The adjustment of prefix is as follows: aberration become aberasi, anemia become
anemia. Another expert, Kridalaksana, has a statement that the loan words
used in Indonesia must be based on Ejaan yang Disempurnakan EYD The Standard Indonesian Spelling System. According to Kridalaksana 1993,
bl- Blastula
bl-
blastula cl-
Clinic
kl- klinik
-ck Block
-k
blok
there are rules of using letter, spelling the letter, spelling the word, spelling the loan words, and using the punctuation mark. To enable people to
understand the rules of English loan words spelling, there are two theories that discuss the spelling of English loan words, namely EYD 2001: 40-52
and Pedoman Pembentukan Istilah The Guideline of Technical Terms 1990: 1171-1178.
The adjustments of English loan words into Indonesian based on EYD 2001: 40-52 are divided into two, the first one is the adjustment of spelling
and adjustment of suffixes. In the matter of adjustment of spelling, the EYD has great similarity to Alwi‟s spelling adjustment describes in the previous
part of this sub chapter above, but it adds more suffixes adjustments. The suffixes adjustment of English loan words according to EYD is as follows.
Table 5 : Suffixes Adjustments in EYD
Rules English
Indonesian
1 -acy or -cy is changed into -asi or -si
democracy demokrasi
2 -age is changed into -ase
drainage drainase
3 a-tion is changed into a-si
Action aksi
4 -icle is changed into -ikel
article artikel
5 -ism is changed into -isme
mechanism mekanisme
6 -ist is changed into -is
pessimist pesimis
7 -ity is changed into -itas
activity aktivitas
8 -ive is changed into -if
creative kreatif
9 -age is changed into -ase
percentage persentase
10 -al does not change
formal formal
11 -ant is changed into -an
informant informan
12 -archy is changed into -arki
anarchy anarki
13 -tion is changed into -si
production produksi
14 -ic, -ics, -ique is changed into -ik or -ika.
logic, technique logika, teknik
15 -ein does not change
casein kasein
16 -ism is changed into -isme
terrorism terorisme
17 -ist is changed into -is
egoist egois
18 -ive is changed into -if
sensitive sensitive
19 -logy is changed into -logi
technology teknologi
20 -logue is changed into -log
catalogue catalog
21 -oir e is changed into -oar
repertoire repertoar
22 -or does not change
dictator dictator
Whereas the adaptation of English loan words in Indonesia based on Pedoman Pembentukan Istilah
The Guideline of Technical Terms, 1990 is as follows:
a. The adjustment of the last consonants: 1. -ck is changed into -
k. Example: block → blok 2. -ct is changed into -
k. Example: contract→ kontrak 3. -
lf remains. Example: Golf→ golf 4. -
ns does not change. Example: ons → ons 5. -nt changes into -
n. Example: gradient→ gradien 6. -
rd remains. Example: fjord→ fyord 7. -nce is changed into -
ns. Example: ambulance → ambulans.
b. The adaptation in the bound morpheme of English words: 1. com- is changed into kom-. Example: co
mputer → komputer
2. contra- is changed into kontra- Example:contradiction → kontradiksi
3. eco- is changed into eko- . Example: economy → ekonomi
In this study, the researcher bases the analysis on the English loan word adjustment theories above.
The researcher finds that Alwi‟s explanation on English loan words is supported and enhanced by the EYD and the Pedoman
Pembentukan Istilah .
4. Translation Method a. definition
A common problem of translating deals with whether the translator should translate the text literally or freely. Newmark 1988: 45-47 classifies the
translation methods in the form of flattened V diagram below.
b. Types of Translation Method
As seen above, Newmark 1988: 45-47 uses eight terms in his classification. They are word-for-word, literal, faithful, semantic, communicative,
idiomatic, free, and adaptation. Those are further divided into two scopes –the
methods closest to the source language and the methods closest to the target language. The meaning of the flattened V diagram above is as follows.
Communicative translation Word-for-word Translation
Literal Translation Faithful Translation
Semantic translation Idiomatic Translation
Free Translation Adaptation
SL Emphasize TL Emphasize
Figure 2 : Types of Translation Method By Newmark
1 The methods closest to the source language a Word-for-word Translation. The SL is translated word by word.
b Literal Translation. The SL grammatical forms are converted to their nearest target language equivalent.
c Faithful Translation. This method tries to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraint of the TL grammatical
structures. It transfers cultural words and faithfully follows the SL grammatical forms.
d. Semantic Translation. This method concerns the aesthetic value-that is the beautiful and natural sound of the SL text. In addition, the method
compromises on an appropriate meaning. However, the researcher only uses three out of four methods of translation
suggested by Newmark above. The researcher does not use word-to-word translation because the data will be too similar to the result of literal translation.
This decision is also suggested by the researcher‟s consultant. 2 The methods closest to the target language
a Free Translation. Free translation is the translation, which is not, bonded structure and manner. It produces the TL text without the style, form, or
content of the original. b Adaptation. This method is the freest form of translation. It is frequently
used for plays comedies and poetry.
c. Idiomatic Translation. Idiomatic translation reproduces the message of the source text but tend to distort nuances of meaning by preferring
colloquialisms and idioms. d. Communicative translation. This method attempts to render the exact
contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.
However, among those methods Newmark 1988: 5 highlights two effective methods of translation which are the most appropriate to any text,
namely semantic and communicative translation. Both methods fulfill the two aims of translation; accuracy and style. In addition, generally, semantic
translation is written at the author ‟s linguistic level while communicative at the
readership ‟s level. A semantic translation is often used for expressive text and
communicative translation used for informative and vocative text. On the other hand, Larson 1984 divides the translation methods into two
kinds of translation methods. First is Form-based translation or literal translation which attempts to follow the form of the source language. Second is Meaning-
based translation which tries to convey the meaning of the source language in the natural forms of the target language is called idiomatic translation.
Additionally, he suggests that literal translation can often be understood if the two languages are related since the general grammatical form may be similar.
Literal translation sounds like nonsense and has little communication value if it is used for the speaker of target language who wants the meaning of the source
language. In contrast, the idiomatic translation uses the natural form of the target
language, both in the grammatical construction and in the choice of lexical items. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like translation. It sounds like an
original text.
B. On Novel 1. Definitions of Novel
The word „novel‟ coming from Italian word novella, which means a fictional prose narrative of considerable length and a certain complexity that deals
imaginatively with human experience through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting Webster 2003:13. Meanwhile
According to oxford dictionary, Oxford Learner’s Dictionary of current English,
Novel is a fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically representing
character and action with some degree of realism. Science Fiction is one of the types of the novel. According to Oxford
Learner’s Dictionary of current English, Science fiction is story based on
imagined future scientific or technological advances and major social or environmental changes, frequently portraying space or time travel and life on
other planets.
2. Angels and Demons Novel
The Angels and Demons novel is a story of the Roman Catholic Church mourns the death of Pope Pius XVI in Rome. Vatican City prepares for the
College of Cardinals ‟ papal conclave, which will select the next Pope. Until that
time, Camerlengo Patrick McKenna, a papal court official and former helicopter
