message of the source language; both in the term of meaning and style. The definition made by Nida explains that translator has to be able to preserve the
meaning though the source text consists of cultural message. From all of definitions above, it can be concluded that basically translation
is a process of transferring the message from one language SL into another language TL without changing the meaning. Meaning is the highest priority that
should be concerned in reproducing the message. If the meaning is out of context, it is not considered as a good translation.
b. Types of Translation
Many scholars have defined translation in various ways. Furthermore, there are also some classifications of translation types by some experts. Roman
Jakobson. in Hatim and Mynday, 2004:5 classifies translation into three types which are put as follows:
1 Intralingual translation or rewording
Intralingual translation interprets verbal signs of language by means of other signs in the same language. The expressions translated into different
expression or texts in the same language. Paraphrasing sentences, simplifying a novel, and rendering poems into prose are some examples of intralingual
translation. 2
Interlingual translation or translation proper Interlingual translation is an interpretation of verbal signs of language by
means of other languages; it can be bilingual or multilingual. Furthermore,
Interlingual translation can be seen in the translation of literary works into different languages.
3 Intersemiotic translation or transmutation
Intersemiotic translation is an interpretation of verbal signs of language by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. It involves the use of signs or signals
to communicate. Intersemiotic translation can be applied in some systems such as sign language or traffic signs.
c. Translation Process
As stated by Newmark 1988: 19, the translation process begins with choosing the method of approach. There are two approaches in the process of
translating. First is starting to translate sentence by sentence in order to get the feel and the feeling tone of the text, and then deliberately sits back,
reviews the position and reads the rest of the SL text. Second is reading the whole text two or three times, finding the intention, register, tone, marking the
difficult words and passage and starting translating only when a translator has taken his bearing.
Newmark further adds that the danger of the first method is that it may leave the translator too much revision to do on the early part, and is
therefore time wasting, while the second method can be mechanical. He suggests that alternatively, the first method is suitable for the literary text and
the second one is for the technical or an institutional text. It can be resumed that the first approach is for relatively easy text, while the second one is for the
harder text. To choose which one of the two methods is used may depend on the
translator temperament for the first method or the translator ‟s competence of the
analysis for the second. The process of the translation is formulated by Larson 1984: 4. The
process can be described as follows:
Figure 1: Larson ’s Model of the Process of Translation
The above figure shows that the process of translation is transferring the meaning or message of the source language into the target language from the form
of source language to the form of target language by way of semantic structure. The meaning which is being transferred must be held constant, only the form is
change. The form which the translation is made will be called the SL and the form onto which it is to be changed will be called the TL.
Translation is not an activity that is simply translating each word or phrase from the SL into the TL, but it is a complex process since it tries to find the
equivalence of meaning or message in the TL. One of the reasons why there is a process of translating which becomes the guideline to make an appropriate
translation is about how a translator has to give all hisher effort of capability even hisher cognitive aspect.
Text to Translate
Meaning Discover the Meaning
Re-Express the Meaning Translation
