The process of translation itself is not simple. Some factors can influence this activity, and it turns, they will also influence the final product of translation
process. The factors could be linguistic, cultural and personal factors. Larson writes:
Translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text,
analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are
appropriate in the target language and its cultural context Larson, 1984: 3
Each of these factors can seriously interfere with the translator‟s judgment
and selection, and ultimately materialized in one form or another in the final translation. A clear systematic understanding of the existence and operation of
these factors may help translator grasps the complicated nature of translating and design effective strategies to counter negative influences.
2. Loan Words a. Notions of loan words
There are many theories about loanwords, one of them created by Mona baker. The phenomenon occurs when use loan words in the source text. The target
language cannot find the equivalence of the terms in the target language. The source language sometimes has the term whose the concept is unavailable in the
target language. Another difficulty may also occur when the loan word exists in the target language but has different meaning. It may happen since the term is the
target language develops. For example English has the word “oregano” that has no equivalence in Indonesian language Baker, 1992: 25.
Meanwhile, Robins 1989: 235 says loan words are words borrowed from one language to another. Words are generally loaned when two different
cultures come into contact with each other. This might be because of immigration, trade, fashions or foods, the arts, technologies, or wars. Robins has pointed out
that: “Wherever there are culture contacts of any sort between the
speakers different languages, this means virtually everywhere, speakers will make use of words from other languages to refer to things, processes,
and ways of behavior, organization, or thinking, for which words or phrases were not available or convenient in their own language hitherto.
Some of the foreign words so used by individual speakers pass into general currency in the language, being altered in pronunciation in the process in
the direction of the sounds and phonological patterns of the language acquiring them. These are known as loan words 1989:235.
Loan words are also called borrowings. In one of his early works Haugen in Sure, 1993: 330 defines borrowing as the attempted reproduction in one
language of patterns previously found in another language. In language development, Bahasa Indonesia gets some influences from
other languages such as Dutch, Spain, Arabic, French, and especially English. Sure defines that:
“When in two languages we find no trace of exchange of loan-words, one way or another, we are safe to infer that two nations have had nothing to
do with each other. But if they have been in contact, the number of loan- words and still more the quality of the loan-words, if rightly
interpreted will inform us of their reciprocal relations, they will show us which of them has been the more fertile in ideas and in what domains
of human activity each has been supe
rior to the other.”1993: 331- 332.
Hence, the effect of the influence that has occurred between Bahasa Indonesia and English reflects the cultural and social interactions between Bahasa
