Translation Process Translation a. Notions of Translation
Meanwhile, Robins 1989: 235 says loan words are words borrowed from one language to another. Words are generally loaned when two different
cultures come into contact with each other. This might be because of immigration, trade, fashions or foods, the arts, technologies, or wars. Robins has pointed out
that: “Wherever there are culture contacts of any sort between the
speakers different languages, this means virtually everywhere, speakers will make use of words from other languages to refer to things, processes,
and ways of behavior, organization, or thinking, for which words or phrases were not available or convenient in their own language hitherto.
Some of the foreign words so used by individual speakers pass into general currency in the language, being altered in pronunciation in the process in
the direction of the sounds and phonological patterns of the language acquiring them. These are known as loan words 1989:235.
Loan words are also called borrowings. In one of his early works Haugen in Sure, 1993: 330 defines borrowing as the attempted reproduction in one
language of patterns previously found in another language. In language development, Bahasa Indonesia gets some influences from
other languages such as Dutch, Spain, Arabic, French, and especially English. Sure defines that:
“When in two languages we find no trace of exchange of loan-words, one way or another, we are safe to infer that two nations have had nothing to
do with each other. But if they have been in contact, the number of loan- words and still more the quality of the loan-words, if rightly
interpreted will inform us of their reciprocal relations, they will show us which of them has been the more fertile in ideas and in what domains
of human activity each has been supe
rior to the other.”1993: 331- 332.
Hence, the effect of the influence that has occurred between Bahasa Indonesia and English reflects the cultural and social interactions between Bahasa
Indonesia and English. Robins says any prolonged cultural contact, especially with speakers of a language who enjoy political power or prestige in any sphere,
leads to a considerable amount of borrowing of vocabulary from that language in spheres concerned 1989: 235. Normally, loan words are assimilated to the
phonetic sound classes and the phonological patterns of the borrowing language, the original consonants and vowels being replaced by consonants and vowels as
close to them as are available. Thereafter, synchronically as opposed to historically, they are no longer recognizable by their form as loans.
However, Robins 1989: 236-237 says that in certain cases words continue to be recognized and treated as foreign in origin, and attempts are made
to pronounce them as such, English coupon and restaurant, when pronounced with a final nasalized vowel, and rouge and garage, when pronounced with final
ʒ , which does not occur finally except in a few loans. There is a tendency for
doublets of such words to appear, assimilated and unassimilated, depending on the attitude or background of the speaker. He also says loan words occur by audio,
which means by sense of hearing. A stranger says these loan words and then Indonesian people imitate it, according to what they heard. Because of the English
phonological system is different with Bahasa Indonesia system, the imitations of their speech sounds based on the ability of tongue to pronounce it. Thus Dutch
domme krach when pronounced as dongkrak, Sanskrit utpatti pronounced as
upeti , Arabic mudharat pronounced as mudarat, Portuguese almari as lemari, and
English real estate pronounced as realestat.
As previously described, the use of term “real estate” is caused by
Indonesian people thought that there is no equivalent word in Bahasa Indonesia for its word. It is some common case if there are no equivalent words in Bahasa
Indonesia for some foreign words, so that Indonesian people refer to pronounce real estate into realestat. The word realestat is commonly used by Indonesian
people who work on the field of entrepreneurship or industrial sector. Basically, the changing form caused by the lenition the process of weakened articulation of
a consonant that causing the consonant to become lost of phonemes e in the end of words, such as accurate, chocolate, and dictate which is pronounced with
akurat, coklat and diktat. For example: Realestat Bumi Serpong translates into
Bumi Serpong Realestat. Based on the restrictions above, it can be seen that the loan words is the
process of borrowing from another language and less adapted to loan the rules of language.