Sociolinguistics Brief Description of Cosmogirl Indonesia Magazine

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1. Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is the study of the use of language in the society Lehman, 1972. There are factors that influence the use of language in society. One of the factors is bilingualism. It is when a person has a tendency to use more than one language to communicate with others. One of the common products of bilingualism is code-switching. In the condition of bilingualism, people will often alter language or language style. It depends on the condition and the needs of using the language itself. As an example, when a speaker using “A” language to talk with second speaker. Afterwards, third speaker who were not able to use “A” language came and joined in this conversation situation. Therefore, the first speaker switched into “B” language which was understandable for the third speaker. In this situation, code-switching is employed. Code switching has a significant relevance to sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics does not only examine the language use in society, it also has function within the society itself. The use of more than one language can enable people create a good ambience of communication. people may act towards the language. The act depends on the context, situation or people they communicate with. Sociolinguistics deals with language and society who use the language and social background of the language user – the speaker and the listener. For that reason, the relationship between speaker and addressee, the context and manner of the interaction are important factors to maintain good communication. 11

2. Code-switching

According to Asher 1994 in The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Volume 2, “the term “code” refers to variety of a language.” Asher defined code-switching as the switching from one variety to another, either of the same language or of different languages, in speech or writing. There are some different arguments which were proposed by linguists in order to define the terms code-switching and borrowing. Some linguists differentiate these two terms. However, many linguists tended to see that code- switching and borrowing as a continuum. In this research, the writer sees code- switching as similar process. It has been supported by Rezaeian 2009 in Structural and Social Aspects of Code Switching Among IranianCanadian Bilinguals who viewed that “code-switching and borrowing have similar processes which fall along a single continuum.”

a. The Nature of Code-Switching

In sociolinguistics, the speaker uses a term to perform language style which is called ‘code’. Tanner in Pride says: “Code… refers to any form of a speech whether named or unnamed that the society in question differentiates from other forms. The concept code thus includes both where we commonly understand by the term language, and into language distinction that I call varieties, that is, speech levels, dialects, and styles” 1972:126. There is a different meaning of ‘code’ from Longman, Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. “Code is a term which is used instead of language, speech variety or dialect.It is sometimes considered to be a more neutral term that the others. People 12 also use ‘code’ when they want to stress the uses of a language or language variety in a particular community” 2002:79. Bilinguals usually switch some of code in their speech. This phenomenon is often called code-switching act. For example, in a conversation between speaker A and B who come from Javanese, in the middle of conversation a Bataknese joins them, so A and B who are Javanese switch their language into Bahasa Indonesia because of the presence of the third person that urges A and B to do switching act. According to Gardner 1997, as seen in Jaworsky Coupland’s Modern Lingusitics: Sociolinguistic: A Reader and Coursebook, code-switching is defined as “the use of two or more languages in the same conversation or utterance” 1997:361. This kind of behaviour can occur in the situation of bilingualism where people use more than languages. It also possibly occurs in the regional minorities in which a speaker becomes the new comer of a community, so that he has to adapt within the society. In addition, Gardner argues that behaviour involved in the phenomenon relying on the sociolinguistics circumstances and the language combination as well. Hymes 1974 defines only code-switching as “a common term for alternative use of two or more languages, varieties of a language or even speech styles” while Bokamba 1989 defines both concepts thus: “Code-switching is the mixing of words, phrases and sentences from two distinct grammatical sub systems across sentence boundaries within the same speech event… code-mixing is the embedding of various linguistic units such as affixes bound morphemes, words unbound morphemes, phrases and clauses from a co-operative activity where the participants, in 13 order to infer what is intended, must reconcile what they hear with what they understand.” Drawing upon this qutation, code switching engages and requires two languages or more which are used by people in same speech event. Therefore, the language alternation needs to involve language elements of those two languages by the process of borrowing and constructing or combining. A speaker may borrow certain language elements from another language, for instance in the form of a word, phrase, clause, or even a complete sentence, and combine them with the language elements of her or his native language. Valdes-Fallis 1977 as cited by Duran in Toward a better Understanding of Code-Switching and Interlanguage in Bilinguality: Implications for Bilingual Instruction explains that code-switching may happen if two languages used simultaneously or interchangeable. In addition, Peter Stockwell 2002:135 states that code-switching is often the specific mechanism through which the borrowing of words and constructions happens. From these two arguments, it can be drawn that code switching occurs simultaneously in two languages which are used by a speaker. The speaker may borrow or combine certain words between native language Bahasa Indonesia and foreign language English. But of course, in order to create an appropriate combination of two elements from different languages, the speaker should have the basic language competence of both languages. It is expected that the words the speaker constructs is a matched combination in the code-switching which fulfils the requirements of grammatical rules of certain languages. 14 According to some linguists’ perspective about code-switching, it can be concluded that code-switching is a product of language alternation in the same utterances. This change is indeed expected to have the same meaning.

b. Reasons of Code-Switching

According to Gumperz 1982 in his book Discourse Strategies, code- switching has communicative functions which is to create a conversational effect. It is called personalization function of language. Thus, code-switching is used to build an effective communication between people who are involved. The use of code-switching functions as a bridge to help people to have a better understanding of information in communication. Gumperz 1982 proposed some functions of code-switching: quotation, addressee specification, repetition, interjection, message qualification, personalization, and facility of expression. 1. Quotation Code-switching refers to this function when a subject of code-switching quotes themselves and others to state slogan or maxim, and to sound more credible to the addressses. This is as a proof that what he is saying is a fact and the addressee has to believe it. As an example, when a radio broadcaster said, “…cause he told me kalau ternyata dia sudah…”, the code-switching words “he told me” forms a quotation thatis quoted by cool jockey from other person indirectly to sound more credible to the listeners to believe him. 15 2. Addressee specification In this second function, this type of switching aims to direct message to a spesific person. This type of switching is recognizing not only the interacting members of the speech events but it is recognizing that their language behaviour may be more than merely a matter of individuals preference or facility, but also a matter of role relations. As an example, in the Indonesian social networking “Kaskus”, there is a word agan. Actually, this word is used to call people who are involved in general discussion of kaskus. In addition, this word is only used for kaskus user, and it is not used in any other Indonesian social networking. 3. Repetition Sometimes a message can be spoken two times, either in the same language or in different language. The repetition which is said in different language has some reasons. Repetition may serve to clarify what is said and emphasize the message. In repetition, the span of time between the original and the repeated message is very short. As an example, “Apa yang kamu makan menentukan kesehatan diri kamu seperti apa. You are what you eat”. From this example, the English utterance which came after Indonesian utterance aims to clarify and emphasize the message which preceded the English utterance. 4. Sentence filler Codes-switching also serves to mark interjection or sentence filler. Some sentence fillers which are common in English are by the way, anyway, you know, well, like, so, etc. These expressions are usually used as a pause when a subject is thinking what he is going to say. Because of the common use of these expressions 16 in many situations and contexts, people are sometimes unaware that they switch the language using those sentence filler expressions in their conversation. 5. Message qualification Message qualification deals with the switching that consists of qualifying constructions, such as clauses, phrases and sentences. The main message is sometimes in Bahasa Indonesia and in English. When it is in Bahasa Indonesia, the following English phrases or sentences are used to qualify message or vice versa. As an example, “Dia sedang menyusun dissertasi untuk PhD tentang dissability people around the world”. Here, the main message is in Indonesian, while the English phrase serves to give more information to the reader what the dissertation is about. 6. Personalization In this function, the switching reflects personal opinion, feeling, and knowledge of the speaker. As some English expressions are familiar in some situations and contexts, a speaker might feel that English is more personal when talking about a difficult situation and therefore it describes his feeling better. Some English expressions such as “I miss you” and “ I love you” are commonly found. People find it strange and awkward to say “ Aku rindu kamu” or “aku cinta kamu”. These expressions are not commonly found in real life. Therefore, people tend to use English expressions as it is more convenient and does not look strange. 7. Facility of expression In accordance with this study, this kind of function refers to the lack of Indonesian equivalence for certain words in English. For example, the words 17 “online”, “browser”, and “ server” do not have exact equivalent words in Bahasa Indonesia. Thus, people tend to use the original English words. In order to have a broader knowledge about the functions of code- switching, the writer also referred theories proposed by another linguist. Malik 1994 in her book Socio-Linguistics : A Study of Code-Switching defines some reasons of code-switching. According to Malik, there are ten communicative reasons of code-switching. These reasons are lack of facility, lack of register, mood of the speaker, to emphasize a point, habitual experience, semantic significance, to show identity with a group, to address a different audience, pragmatic reasons, and to attract attention. 1. Lack of facility Malik 1994:16 defined that “bilinguals or multilinguals often explain that they code switch when they cannot find an appropriate expression or vocabulary item or when the language of conversation does not have the particular word needed to carry on the conversation smoothly”. In accordance with this research, this reason is related to the lack of equivalent words in Bahasa Indonesia. The writer offered an example below: “Seafood adalah makanan kesukaan saya.” From this example, the word “seafood” brings smooth meaning rather than the equivalent word in Bahasa Indonesia “makanan hasil laut”. Thus, people tend to use the original English word “seafood”. In addition, lack of facility also refers to the habitual English expressions which are used in some contexts and situation. There are many English 18 expressions which are commonly used in Indonesia. Indonesian prefers to use the word event to acara or nge-print to mencetak. As a result, this kind of situation creates a tendency in which people use English expression rather than equivalent expressions in Bahasa Indonesia. 2. Lack of register It is the condition in which a speaker is not equally competent in two languages, and when the speaker does not know the terms in two languages. In certain occupations code switching takes place in the speech of doctors, lawyers, engineers while they interact among themselves owing to the fact that proper terms in Bahasa Indonesia or in any other language other than English may not be available to them. As a result, people employ the English term that they are familiar with. 3. Mood of the speaker Malik 1994 claims that usually when bilinguals are tired or angry, code switching takes place with a new dimension. This means, when the speaker is in the certain state of mind, heshe can spontaneously find the certain English expressions that can represent his annoyance. In the writer’s opinion, this reason also emphasizes on personal expression or feeling of the speaker toward situation he encounters. 4. To emphasize a point Switching is also used to emphasize a certain point of information. Gal 1979 reports several instances in which a switch at the end of an argument not 19 only helps to end the interaction but may serve to emphasize a point. In this case, the switching aims to give a stress and to add more force to the statement. 5. Habitual experience Malik 1994:17 stresses the fact that “code switching often occurs in fixed phrases of greeting and parting, commands and request, invitation, expressions of gratitude and discourse markers.” In this reason, people use code-switching because the expressions used have been a habitual experince in daily life. For example, in Radio broadcast in Indonesia, the broadcaster often says, “Good morning Listeners. Ketemu lagi dengan saya.” In this case, “good morning” is considered as habitual experience since it is an example of greeting expression. 6. Semantic significance As cited by Muthusamy in Communicative Functions and Reasons for Code-Switching: Malaysian Perspective, Malik 1994, Gumperz 1970, 1976, 1982, and Gumperz and Hernandez 1972 all stress that switching at a particular moment conveys semantically significant information. It is a communicative resource that builds on participant’s perception of two languages. Drawing upon this quotation, switching may also serve as an implicit purpose which is only known by particular speakers in certain specific information. 7. To show identity with a group Di Pietro 1977 as cited in Malik 1994 reports that Italian immigrants would tell a joke in English and give the punch line in Italian, not only because it was better said in Italian but also to stress the fact that they all belong to the same minority group, with shared values and experiences. 20 8. To address a different audience Malik 1994:17 states that “code switching is also used when the speaker intends to address people coming from various linguistic backgrounds.” The writer gives an illlustration as the example below: Jono, who is Javanese, was talking to Temon, who is also Javanese. Since they are originally from Java, they were accustomed to use Bahasa Jawa in their conversation. During the conversation, suddenly Simatupang, who is from Batak, came and joined in their discussion. Knowing that Simatupang was not able to speak Bahasa Jawa, Jono and Temon directly switched the language into bahasa Indonesia. It aimed to make Simatupang could be able to join in the discussion. 9. Pragmatic reasons Sometimes the alternation between two languages is highly meaningful in terms of the conversational context. Gumperz 1970 also notes that switching may emphasize varying degrees of speaker’s involvement. In this case, the switching happens because there is different degrees between speakers. As an example, a Javanese student was talking with his lecturer at campus. In some expression, he switched the language with krama alus in order to have a more polite meaning than used Bahasa Indonesia. In addition, this switching is used to show respect to the addressee. 10. To attract attention Malik 1994 shows that in advertisement both in oral and written, codes-switching is used to attract attention of readerslisteners. In advertisement in Indonesia both spoken and written, it is found that there are many code- 21 switching occurence. For example, an advertisement in written context, “ Samsung Camera PL 150 memang cool banget Semua mata pasti melirikmu.” From this example, the word “cool” is used to attract and to ensure readers that the product is fabulous and the best one.

c. Advantages and Disadavantages of Code-Switching Application

There is a lot of of positive and negative perceptions toward code- switching phenomenon, whether it is in formal or informal contexts. Code- switching may be seen as a bridge to create effective communication. Whilst, it is also seen as a language deficiency of the speakers. According to Bacigalupi 1997 as cited by Rebecca Ida in Code- Switching in Informal Interaction Among a Group of 4th Year TESL Students of UTM, her study on code switching at the neighbourhood Latino youth center, “code switching is the type of communication that helps the Spanish speaker and non – Spanish speaker in a conversation. Through code switching, it is easier for the non-Spanish speakers to answer any Spanish speakers’ questions although the questions are in Spanish as they can fill the stopgap of the unknown words with other language.” Other than that, code switching permits bilingual speakers to converse in both of their languages. Bacigalupi claimed that code switching is “not a tool for incompetence for people who know two or more languages, it is a form of communication that is agreed on by both of the members of the conversation”. 22 As mentioned by Huerta-Macias 1992, “code switching can help in improving the instruction or order not only in instilling the understanding and two-way communication, but also able to help in forming rapport and good relationship with those who are aware that they are actually able to join in the class and let anyone hears their views no matter in what language that they are using.” Huerta-Macias also claimed that code switching in a classroom is a practical and feasible way to assist the improvement of the students’ bilingualism. Code switching is not only for improving and making alive the learning and teaching process in the classroom, but also helps to preserve and develop the languages of those who are bilingual. This preservation and development occur by using both languages in a meaningful activity which involve all the main skills reading, writing, listening and speaking. Other than that, code switching is used to improve and boost communication skills, in oral or written form. Kamisah Ariffin in Code-Switching as a Communication Device in Conversation also defined that studies have shown that speakers accommodate and take into account other interlocutors’ linguistic factors in designing their speech Giles Smith, 1979; Bell, 1984; Giles, Coupland Coupland, 1991. Speakers may diverge and converge their speech to accommodate the other interlocutors for effective communication. Hence, in terms of communication, code-switching is used as a bridge to communicate more effectively. According to Duran 1994, “code switching seems to serve a significant communicative and cognitive function in a conversation.” She also claimed that code switching plays roles in facilitating and supporting and encouraging thinking 23 and communication. Gibbons in his study on language attitudes and code switching in Hong Kong between Cantonese and English 1983 as cited in Duran, 1994 found that when the Chinese speakers converse in English between each other, it indicates status and westernization and when they are conversing in Cantonese, it shows humility and solidarity. According to Skiba 1997 as cited in Sert, 2005, “the advantage of code switching is it performs as a backing element in communication of information and in social interaction as it works as a tool for continuity in speech in preference to present interference in language.” Sert 2005 suggests that code-switching works as a bridge from known native language to unknown foreign language where the code switchers can learn the new words in the foreign language unconsciously. However, there are also some disadvantages of applying code-switching. According to Cook 2002 as cited in Sert 2005, “some students who do not have same native language might feel neglected as the application of code switching in a multilingual classroom.” Therefore, Cook suggested that in order to apply code-switching in a multilingual classroom, it is better to have all students to share the same native language in order to make giving instruction is easy and comprehensible. Another problem is the competence of the teacher in the students’ native language plays an important role in applying code switching. Eldridge 1996 as cited in Sert, 2005 suggested that “the learners have no guarantee that their audience will share knowledge of their mother tongue. This perspective relates to the interaction of students with native speakers of the target 24 language, as mutual intelligibility may not be possible if the learner switches his language during communication”. Sert 2005 added that the repetitive function of code switching may lead to students’ undesired behaviours. The students might feel bored and lost their interest in listening to the previous instruction in the target language.

3. Brief Description of Cosmogirl Indonesia Magazine

Cosmogirl Indonesia Magazine is a woman magazine served in Indonesian language whose target is young women in Indonesia. Actually this magazine was originally from America and it was firstly published in 1999. Meanwhile in Indonesia, this magazine was firstly published in 2001 under the publisher of P.T. Media Rahayu Citra. As defined by the editorial staff of Cosmogirl Indonesia Magazine, the magazine is for readers in the range of 17-20 years. It has also varied information sections to attract the target group of readers, some information sections are: a. Fun This section discusses about the updated information from celebrities. Besides, Fun section also provides choice of alternative places for holiday. In this section, readers can have references to choose the best place for holiday. b. Stars In this section, some entertainment information such as gossip, music, TV, and movies are discussed. Readers can enrich information about the updated 25 movies and music. Movie review and music review are examples of information which are provided in this section. c. Look It is a section which discusses about fashion, beauty, and make-up. This section seems to be the most favourite section because it provides a lot of information about styles. By reading this section, readers can know newest products, styles, and also prices. The place where readers can buy the products are also provided in this section. d. Social Life Social life discusses about readers’ opinion on the newest issues or gossips. Besides, this section provides tips and trick to be “IT” Girl, which is a name for an ideal girl – version Cosmogirl Indonesia Magazine. e. JSYK – Just So You Know This section discusses information about get a date, relationship, and quizzes. Besides, there is also a short story which is provided for readers who are interested in it. The story usually tells about life which is closely related to adult life. Thus, they will be interested in reading it. Other information which are provided in Cosmogirl Indonesia Magazine are CG Diary, CG Magic, Shop Info, and many advertisements. These information are set up for readers who are in the range of 17-20 years. 26

B. Theoretical Framework

In order to conduct a systematic research, the writer organizes this theoretical framework that will be the base to accomplish this research. Here are the basic theories in this theoretical framework; 1. Reasons of code-switching In answering the first research question which deals about possible reasons of code-switching, the writer bases the theory which was proposed by Lalita Malik 1994. In her book Socio-Linguistics: A Study of Code-Switching, she defines 10 possible reasons of code-switching. The ten possible reasons of code- switching are lack of facility, lack of register, mood of the speaker, to emphasize a point, habitual experience, semantic significance, identity with a group, to address different audience, pragmatic reason, and to attract attention. This theory will be used as the base to discuss possible reasons of code-switching which occured in Cosmogirl Indonesia Magazine. Actually the writer also used theory which was proposed by Gumperz 1982 as the proponent theory. Gumperz’s theory about addressee specification, message qualification, and personalization will be used as the proponent theory in this research. The writer found that several theories from Malik 1994 have similar intention with the theory proposed by Gumperz 1982. 2. Advantages and disadvantages of code-switching application In answering the second research question which deals with the readers’ opinion on code-switching phenomenon which occured in Cosmogirl Indonesia Magazine, the writer bases the theories which were proposed by Richard Skiba