UNICEF Indonesia - Resources - Publications
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WORKING TOWARDS PROGRESS WITH
EQUITY UNDER DECENTRALISATION
The Situation of Children and Women in Indonesia 2000-2010
Copyright © 2011
Under Programme of Cooperation of Government of Indonesia – the United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF, Indonesia Country Office
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (BAPPENAS) and UNICEF
Written by : Centre for Population and Policy Studies, Gajah Mada University Cover photo by : © UNICEF
Graphic design : DESIGNLab Printed at : Jakarta
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The development of the 2010 national situation analysis (SITAN) on children and women was implemented within the GoI-UNICEF 2006-2010 Programme Cooperation, under the leadership of BAPPENAS/Ministry of National Development Planning. The National Steering Committee of the SITAN was established in 2009; consisting of all related line ministries and government institutions, to supervise and provide guidance on the development processes for the SITAN development.
The SITAN report titled “Working Towards Progress with Equity Under Decentralisation: The Situation of Children and Women in Indonesia 2000-2010” has been prepared by the Center for Population and Policy Studies, Gajah Mada University (PSKK-UGM), under leadership of Prof. Dr. Muhadjir Darwin, MPA, with technical assistance and support from UNICEF Indonesia and other international researchers.
Appreciation and thanks are specifically extended to:
• Dra. Nina Sardjunani, MA for overall supervision of the SITAN process.
• Dr. Arum Atmawikarta, SKM, MPH, Dr. Hadiat, MA, Ir. Yosi Diani Tresna, MPM, Drs Binar
Ginting, MM, Drs Ismail Bama, and national secretariats in BAPPENAS and BANGDA who coordinated the preparation of the data collection for the SITAN, and supervised the process, while also providing final quality assurance for the finalization of the Report.
• Drs. Wynandin Imawan, M.Sc, Arizal Ahnaf, MA and S. Happy Hardjo, M.Ec who contributed by
providing data and information forming the basis of analysis in the SITAN.
Our thanks are also extended to our professional partners their hard work, continuous commitment and dedication on which have contributed to the completion of this report.
• Dr. Saville Kushner; Professor of Public Evaluation, University of West England and Ibunda Yulita Raharjo who developed the conceptual framework for the SITAN development and
supported PSKK in the development of the first draft of the SITAN.
• Dr. Rachael Diprose and Dr. Corinne Caumartin; Research Oficers at Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE), Oxford Department of International
Development, University of Oxford who finalized the SITAN, including compiling and analysing data, quality assurance and writing the final report in collaboration with the Gajah Mada University and UNICEF staff.
• Jane H. Patten, MPH, the professional editor who did the inal editing of the inal draft.
The SITAN has also benefited from significant contributions of many others who cannot be
mentioned individually from: BAPPENAS, the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Ministry of Health,
the Ministry of National Education, the Ministry of Social Affairs, the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection, BPS, local government institutions and local researchers in
four provinces (Aceh, Central Java, NTT and Papua), the Center for Health Service Management (Gajah Mada University), Prof. dr. Laksono Trisnantoro, MSc, PhD at the Centre of Health Research
(University of Indonesia), Dr. Sabarinah Prasetyo, MSc, and lastly all UNICEF Indonesia staff who provided passion and commitment in providing and verification of the data and information to ensure the quality of SITAN.
FOREWORD
This Situation Analysis of Children and Women was commissioned and completed as a
contribution to the growing body of knowledge and information on the situation of children and women in Indonesia.
The process of finalising this analysis has been a comprehensive one, reflecting a wide range of consultations, analysis of data and studies/reports, interviews, and focus group discussions. The findings and recommendations build on the Government of Indonesia’s strong commitment
to the realization of children’s rights, to its own Five Year Development Plan – RPJMN – and
other national and international pledges. It also builds on the considerable socio-economic achievements of Indonesia which have had a direct impact on the well-being of its children. In this regard, this particular situation analysis has attempted to be creative and forward-looking for ensuring achievement of the MDGs with equity within Indonesia’s policy environment as a decentralized Middle Income Country.
This situation analysis has also identified some of the remaining challenges faced by children, women, and those with a responsibility for their wellbeing, in ensuring the progress made by the country in the past decade is more evenly distributed and reaches the most marginalized and deprived children of Indonesia.
Anchored by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, this situation analysis identifies the obligations and potential for action that rest with families, communities, public and private service providers, civil society and government to fully realise the rights of children and women in today’s Indonesia.
We truly hope that many different stakeholders and partners – from government officials at national and sub-national level, to NGO and CSO partners and practitioners, the academic and research community, other UN agencies and international financial institutions, the media, private sector and others – will find this situation analysis relevant and useful, inspiring them to greater and enhanced investment in, and with, the children of Indonesia.
Dra. Nina Sardjunani, MA Angela Kearney
Deputy Minister for Human Resources and Culture Representative UNICEF Indonesia
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CONTENTS
Foreword ii
Acknowledgement iii
Contents iv
List of Tables x
List of Figures xi
Executive Summary xix
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 2
1.2 Child rights and the legal and policy framework in Indonesia 6 1.3 Conceptual framework, data collection and analysis in the SITAN 11
1.4 SITAN Structure 14
SECTION 2: SOCIO-POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC CONTEXT 17
Introduction 18
2.1 Political and institutional context 18
2.1.1 Decentralisation 21
2.2 Economic context 25
2.2.1 Economic growth 25
2.2.2 Poverty alleviation and poverty reduction programmes:
Changing strategies 28
2.3 Inequalities and human development 39
2.4 Changing demographics 42
2.5 Conclusion 44
SECTION 3: ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL INDICATORS ON THE SITUATION
OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN 47
Introduction 48
3.1 Health and nutrition 49
3.1.1 Mortality rates: Maternal mortality ratio (MMR), infant mortality
rate (IMR) and under-five mortality rate (U5MR) 51
3.1.1.1 An overview of disparities: Patterns in mortality rates 52
3.1.2 Direct causes of child and maternal mortality 56
3.1.3 Policy challenges: Improving health services and care in the
decentralised environment 58
3.1.3.1 Antenatal care 59
3.1.3.2 Assisted births 61
3.1.3.3 Postnatal care 67
3.1.4 Malnutrition 68
3.1.5 Low birthweight 72
3.1.6 Determinants of child nutritional status and mortality 74 3.1.6.1 Feeding practices (breastfeeding, complementary feeding and
maternal nutrition) 74
3.1.7 Policy, programmes and services 76
3.1.7.1 Micronutrient interventions 76
3.1.7.2 Child illnesses 78
3.1.8 Progress and challenges related to the reduction of maternal and
child mortality and undernutrition 78
3.1.8.1 Minimum standards and the decentralisation of services 79 3.1.8.2 Political commitment to improving health and nutrition 80
3.1.8.3 Coordination 81
3.1.8.4 Programmes 81
3.2 Water and Sanitation 83
3.2.1 Access to clean water 84
3.2.2 Access to adequate sanitation 87
3.2.3 Progress and challenges for improving water and sanitation 89
3.3 HIV and AIDS 91
3.3.1 Infections and treatment of pregnant women and children 94 3.3.2 HIV and AIDS and STIs: Infections, treatment, knowledge and
practice among adolescents 95
3.3.2.1 Adolescent HIV and AIDS infections and treatment 95
3.3.2.2 Adolescent knowledge and practice: STIs and reproductive health 96 3.3.2.3 Other adolescent practices: Smoking, drinking and drug-taking 99
3.3.3 Progress, strategies and challenges 100
3.4 Education 102
3.4.1 Expanding access to education 102
3.4.2 Early childhood education (ECE) 104
3.4.3 Primary school education 107
3.4.4 Junior secondary school education 111
3.4.4.1 Early school leaving (dropout) and completion rates 114
3.4.5 Senior secondary school education 116
3.4.6 Youth and adult literacy 116
3.4.7 Weak data and monitoring: Informal education institutions and
the provision of state educational facilities for disabled children 118 3.4.8 Policy challenges: Quality, relevance and competitiveness
in the decentralised context 120
3.5 Child (Special) Protection in Indonesia 127
3.5.1 Citizenship and the right to identity: Birth registration 128 3.5.2 Protecting children from violence, abuse and exploitation 132
3.5.2.1 Violence against children 132
3.5.2.2 Violence in schools 135
3.5.2.3 Child marriage 138
3.5.2.4 Current trends in child marriage in Indonesia 138
3.5.2.5 Child labour 140
3.5.2.6 Sexual exploitation and trafficking 146
3.5.3 Migration and displacement 149
3.5.3.1 Children of illegal migrants overseas 149
3.5.3.2 Displacement 150
3.5.3.3 Children living and working on the streets 151
3.5.4 Alternative care 155
3.5.5 Children in contact/conflict with the law 156
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3.5.7 Policy responses and challenges: National child protection system
in Indonesia 161
3.5.7.1 Child protection information management system 161 3.5.7.2 System building approach to child protection as a strategy to
build a protective environment 162
3.5.7.3 The Indonesian child protection system 163
3.5.7.4 Child protection legal and policy framework 164
3.5.7.5 Coordination in child protection 166
3.5.7.6 Service delivery 167
3.5.7.7 Ongoing challenges child protection advancements: A summary 169
SECTION 4. SUB-NATIONAL CHALLENGES AND INNOVATIONS: CHILD WELFARE
UNDER DECENTRALISATION 171
Introduction 172
4.1 Further elaboration on decentralisation 173
4.1.1 The development planning processes 177
4.1.2 Budget allocation 180
4.1.3 Offices responsible for different aspects of child welfare 181 4.2 Tackling malnutrition in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT):
A large, disparate and poor province 182
4.2.1 Introduction 182
4.2.2 Background 183
4.2.2.1 Geography and livelihoods 183
4.2.2.2 Demography 185
4.2.2.3 Economic context 186
4.2.2.4 Human development 187
4.2.2.5 Basic education 188
4.2.2.6 Child protection 190
4.2.2.7 The voice of a child in context 190
4.2.3 The case study: Health and malnutrition in a geographically large but
poor province 193
4.2.3.1 Malnutrition 193
4.2.3.2 Contributing factors to malnutrition in context 196
4.2.3.3 Mortality 201
4.2.3.4 Diseases and ill health 206
4.2.3.5 Water and sanitation 207
4.2.4 Policies and programmes to alleviate malnutrition and ill health 209 4.2.4.1 Strategies and policy innovations:
The Maternal and Child Health (KIA) Revolution 210
4.2.4.2 Challenges to improving mortality rates under the KIA Revolution 211 4.2.4.3 Strategies and innovations to improve food security and nutrition 212 4.2.4.4 Challenges faced by the Food Security and Information Board. 214 4.2.4.5 Strategies to improve coordination: The Food Security Council 215 4.2.4.6 Challenges to implementation: The Food Security Council 215 4.2.4.7 Strategies and innovations:
Increasing the consumption of nutrients in the community 216 4.2.4.8 Challenges for policy implementation in addressing malnutrition
in children and in general 217
4.2.5 Community participation in the planning process: The musrenbang 222
4.2.6 Summary conclusion 224
4.3 Papua: A province with high levels of poverty, low levels of human development, and a large natural resource base in the midst of a low level generalised HIV
and AIDS epidemic 225
4.3.1 Background: Population, economy and human development 226
4.3.1.1 Population and environment 226
4.3.1.2 Brief history 228
4.3.1.3 Economic and human development 228
4.3.2 Education, health, nutrition, and water and sanitation 230
4.3.3 HIV and AIDS prevalence in Papua 233
4.3.4 Contributing factors to the growing rates of HIV infection in
Papua Province 234
4.3.4.1 General overview 234
4.3.4.2 Perceptions of illness, knowledge, and language of communication: The challenges for preventing transmission 239
4.3.4.3 Early age of sexual debut 242
4.3.4.4 Knowledge of reproductive health, safe sex and HIV testing 244
4.3.4.5 Rapid development and the growing sex industry:
Risks for children and women 245
4.3.4.6 Stigma of HIV and AIDS 247
4.3.5 Strategies and challenges of combating HIV and AIDS under Special
Autonomy 247
4.3.5.1 The national policy environment 247
4.3.5.2 The Special Autonomy regulatory environment: A brief overview 248 4.3.5.3 Weaknesses in the regulatory environment and service provision
under Special Autonomy in general 250
4.3.5.4 Local government initiatives and challenges to combating
HIV and AIDS: The scale of the problem within a context
of institution building 257
4.3.5.5 CSO and NGO innovations and challenges 260
4.3.5.6 Recommendations for improving HIV and AIDS prevention 261
4.3.6 Summary conclusion 263
4.4 Improving education in the shadow of conflict and the tsunami: Aceh Province
under Special Autonomy 265
4.4.1 Introduction 265
4.4.1.1 Background to Aceh: Conflict, the tsunami and Special Autonomy 265
4.4.2 Social and economic overview 271
4.4.2.1 Poverty and human development 271
4.4.2.2 Situation of children: Heath, nutrition, water and sanitation 274
4.4.3 Education 275
4.4.3.1 Education overview: Access and efficiency 275 4.4.4 Rebuilding education in Aceh: The challenges of access, quality and
accountability in a culturally sensitive environment. 281
4.4.5 Quality of education and disparities in Aceh 284
4.4.5.1 Financial burden 285
4.4.5.2 Teacher qualification, distribution and teacher welfare 288 4.4.6 Vulnerabilities in Aceh: Education in the shadow of the conflict and
the tsunami. 291
4.4.6.1 Trauma 291
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4.4.7 Education planning, decentralisation and Special Autonomy:
Innovations and challenges 295
4.4.7.1 Education as a development priority 295
4.4.7.2 Musrenbang and community influence over formal education policy 297 4.4.7.3 School-based management and community/practitioner inputs into
education practice 298
4.4.7.4 Other challenges under Special Autonomy: Authority, coordination
and budget allocations in Aceh 300
4.4.8 Summary conclusion 303
4.5 Children living on the street in Central Java Province:
The challenges of child (special) protection 304
4.5.1 Introduction 304
4.5.2 Geography and demography 305
4.5.3 Poverty, human development and gender equity 307
4.5.4 Health, nutrition, water and sanitation, and education 310
4.5.5 Children living on the streets in Central Java 312
4.5.6 Supporting institutional environment for child protection:
Provincial level initiatives 319
4.5.6.1 The Bureau of Women’s Empowerment, Child Protection and
Family Planning 319
4.5.6.2 Innovations 320
4.5.6.3 Challenges 322
4.5.7 Innovations at the district/municipal level:
The Child-Friendly City policy in Surakarta 324
4.5.7.1 District/municipal government initiatives supporting the Child-Friendly City: Integrated Service Units for Surakarta Women and Children (PTPAS) and the Family Welfare Consultation Unit (LK3) 328 4.5.7.2 The beginning of service delivery in the Child-Friendly City:
Halfway houses in Surakarta 330
4.5.7.3 Establishing holistic services in the Child-Friendly City:
Foster homes in Surakarta 332
4.5.7.4 New approaches in Surakarta?: The Corrections Office 333 4.5.8 Other issues in the development planning process for child protection 335 4.5.8.1 Children’s voices in the development planning process in Surakarta 335
4.5.8.2 Budgets for child protection 336
4.5.9 Summary conclusion: Child (special) protection for children living on
the streets in Central Java 337
4.6 The voices of children 338
4.6.1 Introduction 338
4.6.2 Positive approaches to adolescent and child development 338
4.6.3 Child narratives 340
4.6.3.1 Understanding Siti’s story 342
4.6.3.2 Understanding Joko’s story 344
4.6.4 Commonalities in childhood development 344
4.6.5 Policy implications 345
SECTION 5: POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 347
Introduction 348
5.1 Summary of the 10 recommendations from this SITAN 349
5.1.1 Recommendation 1: Harmonising the national and local level legal
framework in relation to child rights and welfare 349
5.2 Recommendation 2: Mainstreaming the Indonesian Law on Child Protection and other legislation related to child rights and welfare and promoting compliance
in national and local regulations, guidelines, and policies 350
5.3 Recommendation 3: Improving evidence-based policymaking -
Reducing data deficiencies 351
5.4 Recommendation 4: Improving evidence-based policymaking - Producing
biennial thematic SITAN of women and children and other key public documents 355
5.5 Recommendation 5: Strengthening knowledge management, data collection
and analysis systems at the national and local levels 356
5.6 Recommendation 6: Establishing a comprehensive National Child (Special)
Protection System to uphold and monitor child rights and welfare as mandated
by the Indonesian Law on Child Protection 358
5.6.1 Service delivery 359
5.6.2 Prevention/behaviour change 360
5.7 Recommendation 7: Promoting equitable development for women and children - Targeting interventions on worst performers to improve poverty reduction,
pro-poor growth and MDGs with equity 361
5.7.1 MDG progress requiring special attention 362
5.7.2 Disparities 362
5.8 Recommendation 8: Strengthening the decentralised system through local level capacity building and support in development planning processes - Improving consultative planning processes, regulations, policy formulation, programme
design and service delivery to be pro-child and pro-women 364
5.8.1 Areas requiring systems strengthening 365
5.8.2 Learning from innovations 367
5.9 Recommendation 9: Advocating the scale up of specific sectoral interventions
to improve child rights and welfare and reduce inequity 369
5.9.1 General for all stakeholders 369
5.9.2 Health and nutrition (and water and sanitation) 370
5.9.3 Education and early childhood development 371
5.9.4 HIV and AIDS 373
5.9.5 Young people 374
5.9.6 Child (special) protection (together with Recommendations 2 and 6 above) 375 5.10 Recommendation 10: Communications for development and to assist with
knowledge building and behavioural change to support other targeted
interventions and improve the situation of women and children in Indonesia 377
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1.1: Government of Indonesia’s assessment of Indonesia’s progress on
selected MDGs 5
Table 1.4.1: Research areas 16
Table 2.2.1: Gross national income per capita 2008, ATLAS method and purchasing power
parity (PPP) of Southeast Asian countries 28
Table 2.2.2: Number of poor people by social indicators, 2007 37
Table 2.3.1: Trends in the human development index (HDI) over time in selected provinces
and national average, Indonesia 1996-2008 41
Table 3.3.1: Pregnant women receiving PMTCT services in 30 districts/municipalities in
19 provinces, Indonesia 2008 and 2009 95
Table 3.3.2: HIV testing and outreach to most at-risk populations, by age, Indonesia 2007 96 Table 3.3.3: Age at first sex by gender and district, Indonesia 2009 98 Table 3.4.1: Percentage of qualified teachers, Indonesia 1999-2005 122 Table 3.5.1: Children aged 5-17 years by type of activity and sex (thousands),
Indonesia 2009 142
Table 4.2.1: Nutritional status, NTT versus Indonesia 2007 196
Table 4.4.2: Indicators of education quality, Aceh 2007-2009 and target for 2012 284
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.3.1: Policy making and policy shaping 13
Figure 2.2.1: Gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates, with and without oil and gas
(per cent), Indonesia 1996-2008 27
Figure 2.2.2: Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, at constant and current market
prices (million IDR), Indonesia 1999-2008 27
Figure 2.2.3: Percentage of poor population (based on P0), poverty gap index, and
poverty severity index over time, Indonesia 1999-2009 31 Figure 2.2.4: Percentage of poor population (based on head-count Index) by area,
Indonesia 1999-2008 36
Figure 2.2.5: Poverty severity index by area, Indonesia 1999-2009 36 Figure 2.2.6: Percentage of population below the poverty line by province,
Indonesia 2009 37
Figure 2.3.1: Gini coefficent over time, Indonesia 1993-2007 39
Figure 2.3.2: Gini coefficient by province, Indonesia 2007 39
Figure 2.3.3: Human development index (HDI) over time, Indonesia 1996-2008 40 Figure 2.3.4: Human development index (HDI) by province, Indonesia 2008 40 Figure 2.3.5: Human development index (HDI) and gender development index (GDI)
over time, Indonesia 2000-2007 41
Figure 2.4.1: Total fertility rate (TFR) over time, Indonesia 1991-2007 42 Figure 2.4.2: Total fertility rate (TFR) by province, Indonesia 2007 43
Figure 2.4.3: Indonesia population distribution, 2009 43
Figure 2.4.4: Dependency ratio ages 0-14 year, 65+ years and total, Indonesia 1961-2050 44 Figure 3.1.1: UNICEF conceptual framework on understanding child malnutrition,
death and disability 50
Figure 3.1.2: Infant mortality rates, under-five mortality rates, and maternal mortality
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Figure 3.1.3: Infant mortality rate (IMR) by province, Indonesia 2007 53 Figure 3.1.4: Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) by province, Indonesia 2007 53 Figure 3.1.5: Infant mortality rate (IMR) and provincial index of IMR disparity over time,
Indonesia 1991-2007 54
Figure 3.1.6: Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) and provincial index of U5MR disparity
over time, Indonesia 1991-2007 54
Figure 3.1.7: Infant mortality rate (IMR) by area, Indonesia 1997-2007 55 Figure 3.1.8: Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) by area, Indonesia 1997-2007 55 Figure 3.1.9: Infant mortality rate (IMR) by wealth quintile, Indonesia 2002-2007 55 Figure 3.1.10: Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) by wealth quintile, Indonesia 2002--2007 55
Figure 3.1.11: Causes of under-five deaths, Indonesia 2007 57
Figure 3.1.12: Immediate causes of maternal death: Obstetric complications,
Indonesia 2007 57
Figure 3.1.13: Health coverage along the continuum of care, Indonesia 2007 58 Figure 3.1.14: Percentage of pregnant women receiving at least one antenatal care visit
from a skilled health provider by province, Indonesia 2007 59 Figure 3.1.15: Percentage of pregnant women receiving at least one antenatal care visit
from a skilled provider over time, Indonesia 1997-2007 60 Figure 3.1.16: Percentage of pregnant women receiving at least one antenatal care visit
from a skilled provider by area, Indonesia 1997-2007 60 Figure 3.1.17: Percentage of pregnant women receiving at least one antenatal care visit
from a skilled provider by wealth quintile, Indonesia 2007 60 Figure 3.1.18: Percentage of pregnant women receiving antenatal care visits by number
of visits, Indonesia 1997-2007 60
Figure 3.1.19: Percentage of pregnant women with four antenatal care visits (ANC-4)
by area, Indonesia 1997-2007 61
Figure 3.1.20: Percentage of assisted births, Indonesia 2002-2007 62 Figure 3.1.21: Percentage of births assisted by skilled providers (most qualified persons),
Indonesia 2007 62
Figure 3.1.22: Percentage of women with children under age five who used trained health personnel during their most recent delivery by area, Indonesia 2000-2008 63
Figure 3.1.23: Percentage of mothers with assisted childbirths, most recent birth by area
and type of assistance, Indonesia 2007 64
Figure 3.1.24: Percentage of births assisted by skilled providers, by wealth quintile,
Indonesia 2007 64
Figure 3.1.25: Percentage of mothers with assisted childbirths, most recent birth by
wealth quintile, Indonesia 2007 64
Figure 3.1.26: Percentage births by place of delivery, Indonesia 2002-2007 66 Figure 3.1.27: Percentage births by place of delivery and by area, Indonesia 2002-2007 66 Figure 3.1.28: Percentage of births by place of delivery and by wealth quintile,
Indonesia 2007 66
Figure 3.1.29: Percentage of post-partum women with postnatal care, Indonesia 2002-2007 67 Figure 3.1.30: Percentage of post-partum women with postnatal care by area,
Indonesia 2002-2007 67
Figure 3.1.31: Percentage of post-partum women with postnatal care by province,
Indonesia 2007 67
Figure 3.1.32: Percentage of post-partum women with postnatal care by wealth quintile,
Indonesia 2007 68
Figure 3.1.33: Percentage of children under five suffering from wasting, stunting and
underweight, Indonesia 2007 69
Figure 3.1.34: Percentage of children under five suffering from wasting, stunting and
underweight by area, Indonesia 2007 70
Figure 3.1.35: Percentage of children under five suffering from stunting, wasting and
underweight by sex, Indonesia 2007 70
Figure 3.1.36: Percentage of children under five suffering from stunting by expenditure
per capita per month, Indonesia 2007 70
Figure 3.1.37: Percentage of children under five suffering from wasting by expenditure
per capita per month, Indonesia 2007 70
Figure 3.1.38: Percentage of children under five suffering from being underweight
by expenditure per capita per month, Indonesia 2007 70 Figure 3.1.39: Percentage of children under five who are underweight by province,
Indonesia 2007 71
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Figure 3.1.41: Percentage of children under five with wasting by province, Indonesia 2007 72 Figure 3.1.42: Incidence of low birthweight (percentage), Indonesia 1992-2007 73 Figure 3.1.43: Percentage of infants with low birthweight by province, Indonesia 2007 73 Figure 3.1.44: Percentage of infants with low birthweight by area, sex, and expenditure
per capita, Indonesia 2007 73
Figure 3.1.45: Percentage of children under six months by exclusive breastfeeding or
bottle-feeding, Indonesia 2002-2007 75
Figure 3.1.46: Percentage of children who started breastfeeding within one hour of birth
over time, Indonesia 1997-2007 75
Figure 3.1.47: Percentage of pregnant women who receive iron tablets (≥90 tablets)
by province, Indonesia 2007 77
Figure 3.1.48: Percentage of pregnant women who receive iron tablets (≥90 tablets)
by area, Indonesia 1997-2007 77
Figure 3.1.49: Percentage of pregnant women who receive iron tablets (≥90 tablets)
by wealth quintile, Indonesia 2007 77
Figure 3.2.1: Percentage of households with sustainable access to clean water,
Indonesia 2001-2008 85
Figure 3.2.2: Percentage of households with sustainable access to clean water
by province, Indonesia 2008 85
Figure 3.2.3: Percentage of households with sustainable access to clean water by area,
Indonesia 2008 86
Figure 3.2.4: Index of disparity of access to clean water and sanitation, Indonesia
2000-2008 86
Figure 3.2.5: Percentage of households with sustainable access to adequate sanitation (pit latrines and septic tanks), Indonesia 2000-2008 87 Figure 3.2.6: Percentage of households with sustainable access to adequate sanitation
(pit latrines and septic tanks) by province, Indonesia 2008 88 Figure 3.2.7: Percentage of households with sustainable access to adequate sanitation
(pit latrines and septic tanks) by area, Indonesia 2000-2008 88 Figure 3.2.8: Projected changes in percentage of urban and rural populations,
Indonesia 1990-2015 90
Figure 3.2.9: Slum areas in Indonesia, by hectare (Ha) over time, Indonesia 2004-2009 90
Figure 3.3.1: Cumulative AIDS cases reported over time, Indonesia 2000-2009 91 Figure 3.3.2: HIV trends and projections in Indonesia, 1980-2025 92 Figure 3.3.3: Cumulative AIDS cases by age groups, Indonesia 2000-2009 95 Figure 3.4.1: Early childhood education, 3-6 years old attendance rate over time,
Indonesia 2001-2009 105
Figure 3.4.2: Net attendance in primary school, Indonesia 2000-2008 108 Figure 3.4.3: Net attendance rates in primary school by province, Indonesia 2008 108 Figure 3.4.4: Net attendance rates in primary school by sex, Indonesia 2000-2008 109 Figure 3.4.5: Net attendance rates in primary school by area, Indonesia 2000-2008 109 Figure 3.4.6: Net attendance rates in primary school and index of disparity,
Indonesia 2000-2008 109
Figure 3.4.7: Trend in early school leaving (dropout) rates from public primary schools,
over time, Indonesia 1999/00-2006/07 110
Figure 3.4.8: Public primary school early leaving (dropout) rates by province,
Indonesia 2006/07 111
Figure 3.4.9: Trend in transition rates from primary to junior secondary school,
Indonesia 2005/06-2008/09 111
Figure 3.4.10: Trend in net attendance rates, junior secondary school, Indonesia 2000-2008 112 Figure 3.4.11: Net attendance rate, junior secondary school by province, Indonesia 2008 112 Figure 3.4.12: Net attendance rate, junior secondary school by sex, Indonesia 2000-2008 113 Figure 3.4.13: Net attendance rate, junior secondary school by area, Indonesia 2000-2008 113 Figure 3.4.14: Trend over time and index of provincial disparity of gross attendance rates
for junior secondary school, Indonesia 2000-2008 114
Figure 3.4.15: Trend of early school leaving (dropout) rate for junior secondary school,
Indonesia 1999/00-2006/07 115
Figure 3.4.16: Early school leaving (dropout) rate by province, Indonesia 2006/07 116 Figure 3.4.17: Trend of youth literacy rate (15-24 years), Indonesia 2000-2007 117 Figure 3.4.18: Youth literacy rate (15-24 years) by province, Indonesia 2007 117 Figure 3.4.19: Adult literacy rate (age 10+ years) by sex, Indonesia 2000-2007 118
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Figure 3.4.20: Adult literacy rate (age 15+ years) by area, Indonesia 2000-2008 118 Figure 3.4.21: MGP-BE good practice replication in non-target schools,
Indonesia 2008-2009 126
Figure 3.5.1: Percentage of children aged 0-59 months whose births have been
registered, Indonesia 2001-2007 129
Figure 3.5.2: Percentage of children aged 0-59 months who have birth certificates
by province, Indonesia 2007 129
Figure 3.5.3: Percentage of births registered by wealth quintile, Indonesia 2007 130 Figure 3.5.4: Percentage of births registered by area, Indonesia 2007 130 Figure 3.5.5: Reason for not registering birth by area, Indonesia 2007 131 Figure 3.5.6: Reason for not registering birth by wealth quintile, Indonesia 2007 132 Figure 3.5.7: Percentage of women 20-24 years old who were married or in union before
the age of 18, Indonesia 2000-2008 139
Figure 3.5.8: Percentage of women 20-24 years old who were married or in union before
the age of 18 by province, Indonesia 2008 139
Figure 3.5.9: Percentage of women 20-24 years old who were married or in union before
the age of 18 years by area, Indonesia 2000-2008 140
Figure 3.5.10: Working children aged 5-17 years, Indonesia 2004-2009 (thousands) 141 Figure 3.5.11: Labour force participation rates of children aged 10-17 years,
Indonesia 2004-2009 142
Figure 3.5.12: Percentage of children aged 5-17 years by type of activity and sex,
Indonesia 2009 143
Figure 3.5.13: Percentage of working children by age group and total work hours,
Indonesia 2009 143
Figure 3.5.14: Percentage of working children by industry and age group, Indonesia 2009 144 Figure 3.5.15: Percentage of working children aged 5-17 years by employment status,
Indonesia 2009 144
Figure 3.5.16: Percentage of working children aged 5-17 years by place of work,
Indonesia 2009 145
Figure 4.1.1: Transfer of power and authority under decentralisation 171
Figure 4.2.1: East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) location map 183
Figure 4.2.2: Population pyramid, NTT 2005 185
Figure 4.2.3: Percentage of population below the poverty line, NTT versus Indonesia
1999-2009 186
Figure 4.2.4: Percentage of poor population by district, NTT 2008 187
Figure 4.2.5: Trends in development indices, NTT 1999-2007 187
Figure 4.2.6: Percentage of children aged under five suffering from wasting, stunting
and underweight, NTT 2007 193
Figure 4.2.7: Percentage of children aged under five suffering from being underweight, stunting or wasting, by rural versus urban area, NTT 2007 194 Figure 4.2.8: Trends in prevalence of moderately underweight and severely underweight
children, NTT 1989-2005 195
Figure 4.2.9: Trends in IMR and U5MR, NTT versus Indonesia, 1994-2007 202 Figure 4.2.10: Percentage of births attended by trained heath personnel, NTT 2000-2008 203 Figure 4.2.11: Percentage of children under age two who were immunised, NTT 1994-2007 207 Figure 4.2.12: Trends in access to clean water, NTT versus Total Indonesia 2000-2008 207 Figure 4.2.13: Trends in the proportion of households with sustainable access to adequate
sanitation (ventilated pit latrine and septic tank), NTT, 2000-2008 208
Figure 4.3.1: Map of Papua Province 227
Figure 4.3.2: HDI, GDI, GEM over time, Papua 1999-2007 230
Figure 4.3.3: HDI in selected districts, Papua 2004-2007 230
Figure 4.3.4: Cumulative reported deaths from HIV and AIDS, Papua 2000-2009 233
Figure 4.4.1: Map of Aceh 267
Table 4.4.1: Education budget, Aceh 2002-2009 270
Figure 4.4.2: Flow of funds in Aceh 270
Figure 4.4.3: Percentage of population below the poverty line, Indonesia and Aceh
1999-2009 272
Figure 4.4.4 and 4.4.5: Percentage of population below the poverty line by area (1999-2009)
and by district (2008), Aceh 273
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Figure 4.4.7: Attendance rates among children aged 4-6 years in early childhood
education institutions, Aceh 2003-2007 276
Figure 4.4.8: Net attendance rates for primary school, Indonesia and Aceh 2003-2008 276 Figure 4.4.9: Net attendance rates for primary school by sex, Aceh 2003-2008 276 Figure 4.4.10: Primary school early leaving rates, Aceh 1999-2007 277 Figure 4.4.11: Transition rates to junior secondary school, Aceh 1999-2007 277 Figure 4.4.12: Primary school repeat rate, Indonesia and Aceh 2000-2008 278
Figure 4.4.13: Net attendance rate for junior secondary school 278
Figure 4.4.14: Gender disparities in junior secondary school participation 278 Figure 4.4.15: Trend of junior secondary school early school leaving rate, Aceh 1999-2007 279 Figure 4.4.16: Transition rate to senior secondary school, Aceh 1999-2007 279 Figure 4.4.17: Trend in repeat rates for junior secondary school, Indonesia and Aceh
2000-2009 280
Figure 4.4.18: Net attendance rate of senior secondary school, Aceh 2003-2008 280 Figure 4.4.19: Gross and net senior secondary school attendance rates by sex, Aceh
2003-2008 280
Figure 4.4.20: Type of schools in Banda Aceh and Aceh Timur, 2009 283
Figure 4.5.1: Central Java map 306
Figure 4.5.2: Projected population pyramid, Central Java 2009 307
Figure 4.5.3: Percentage of households living below the national poverty line, Indonesia
and Central Java 1999-2009 308
Figure 4.5.4: Percentage of population below the poverty line by area, Central Java
1999-2009 308
Figure 4.5.5: Human development index (HDI), gender development index (GDI), and
gender empowerment measure (GEM), Central Java 1999-2007 309 Figure 5.8.1: Weaknesses in the development planning process - Inadequate attention
to the needs, priorities and voices of women and children 365
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Within the overall context of Indonesia, this Situation Analysis for Children Report aims to identify, analyse, and explore the available data on the trends and patterns in the major problems affecting children and women in Indonesia over the past decade (2000-2010). It also aims to explore policy initiatives, innovations, and challenges in responding to these problems in the new decentralised governance structures of Indonesia and to provide recommendations for policy makers and practitioners at the national and sub-national levels.
The Situation Analysis comprises five sections: (1) Introduction, (2) Socio-political, Economic and Demographic Context, (3) Analysis of National Indicators on the Situation of Children and
Women (4) Children and Decentralization (with a subsection on Voices of Children) and (5)
Policy Recommendations.
Section 4 focuses on four very different provinces, namely Aceh, Papua, Central Java and East
Nusa Tenggara. For each, an in-depth analysis is conducted on one relevant sector or issue. 1. Aceh: Examining Aceh is useful not only for understanding the vulnerabilities children
and women face and how children respond in a context of complex emergencies, but also for appreciating how large scale interventions to rebuild the province have contributed to enhanced social development. Prior to the tsunami, many education facilities were destroyed as a result of the conflict between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Government of Indonesia (GoI), a situation which was aggravated by the earthquake
and tsunami. This rendered it dificult to guarantee access to education. However, in the
framework of tsunami relief and investment, large scale interventions in the education sector were made following the signature of the peace agreement between the conflict parties in 2005. As a result, the education situation in the province has vastly improved, albeit unevenly at district level. This provides many lessons in policy innovation and identifies the continued challenges for improving disparities in access and quality to education in the province.
2. Central Java: Compared to other provinces, Central Java has on average a higher standard
of living, but its large population, urban and rural poverty mean there are considerable inter-district and inter-income group disparities in terms of child welfare. Rural poverty in the district contributes to the migration of children to urban areas, some of which have ended up living in the streets. The study of children living in the streets, their vulnerabilities, and the policy responses to the problem highlight a number of issues in child (special) protection. They also describe through the pilot of the Child-friendly City of Surakarta how multi-sectoral responses under decentralization have required consistent commitment of the district government to prioritising children in policy formulation,
budgeting, and the establishment of a Bureau of Child Protection. All of this has been based on the political will and the commitment of the municipality leadership and support from the provincial level to improve child rights and welfare.
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3. East Nusa Tenggara (NTT): The long dry season and absence of a large natural resource base mean that the area is prone to drought, food shortages and other challenges to improving child welfare. The institutions delivering public services are in various stages of development and the capacity of personnel to deliver services in such a difficult context is uneven. Examining the case study of malnutrition and health in NTT is appropriate given the economic difficulties, low education levels, customary nutrition practices, and poor access to health services which are prevalent in the province. It also highlights the challenges under decentralization of improving child welfare in the province.
4. Papua: Despite being rich in natural resources, this province faces enormous challenges with limited human capital and a poor human development index. Papua also suffers from
a high prevalence of HIV and AIDS (HIV prevalence: 2.4 per cent) compared to a national prevalence of 0.2 per cent and is classiied as experiencing a generalised epidemic in HIV
and AIDS. This has been exacerbated by migration, resistance to protective measures in sex practices, and difficulties in changing behaviour due to low education and awareness
levels. Papua provides an example of the challenges in combating HIV and AIDS under
decentralization and special autonomy in an economically underdeveloped area and in terms of social welfare and infrastructure/ services in Indonesia.
The Situation Analysis demonstrates that the situation of children and women has been
improving. For some indicators Indonesia is on track to reach the MDGs by 2015 at the national
level (for example in the case of universal primary education). However, the analysis also
highlights that despite these improvements there are many disparities, such as geographic, economic, gender or income group discrepancies, requiring further urgent attention of the Government and its development partners. In particular, the Situation Analysis highlights the need 1) to reduce non-income poverty (Sections 2 and 3), 2) to redress socio-economic and regional disparities (Sections 2 and 3), 3) to improve the uneven capacity to deliver services at the district and provincial level, and 4) to better incorporate the needs and voices of children and women into local level decision-making (Section 4).
The evidence presented in this Situation Analysis suggests that some of Indonesia’s most vulnerable groups continue to live in dire poverty, with poor access to education, health services, social protection, as well as safe and secure living environments (Sections 2 and 3).
However, it also shows, that there are government platforms where these issues are prioritised
and can be further integrated in development planning, for example the Government of
Indonesia’s international commitments, the RPJMN and the National Team for Accelerating
Poverty Reduction. UNICEF and other UN agencies also have a mandate to support the GoI in this regard.
More specifically, analysis in Section 2 clearly illustrates the improvements in economic growth
and poverty reduction over time in Indonesia. However, it also explains that overall poverty
reduction has not been accompanied by equitable social outcomes, with social disparity and inequality being evident between provinces, urban and rural areas, gender and socio-economic groups. Analysis in Section 3 demonstrates that with regard to a range of indicators of child and women’s welfare it is very important to enhance policy attention towards pro-poor growth and improving human development, as well as achieving MDGs with equity. The need of tapping into the current “demographic window” through strengthened systems of governance and public administration is also noted.
Due attention is given to MDGs in that the analysis presented is centred on children and women, but at the same time inter-related analysis of the situation of child protection is also considered. In addition, whilst presenting a large number of indicators that correspond to data aggregated at national level, whenever possible the discussion also focuses on evidence of the profound and multiple disparities and inequalities which characterize Indonesia today.
The section on child protection, or special protection as it is known in Indonesia, is distinct from the first three sections in that it relies less on indicators and aggregate quantitative data for the whole country due to data insufficiencies and more on in-depth case studies including quantitative data as well as qualitative data. This analytical approach attempts to best capture and illustrate the challenges and contradictions that accompany the incipient construction of child protection in Indonesia. Whilst this section is divided into five distinct units, it is important to underline that these five components of the analysis are deeply interrelated; outcomes in one area may affect changes in others. Each part of the analysis also identifies the major changes in policies and initiatives which have been undertaken in relation to the themes of this section, although the discussion is not exhaustive given the rapidly changing policy and regulatory environment in Indonesia. Reference to these changes is made in relation to decentralization, while they are further discussed in the sub-national analysis of Section 4. Section 4 builds on some of the challenges identified in Section 2 with regard to
decentralization. These include namely: (1) building the uneven capacity of the district and provincial level arms of the Government to be able to design and administer local-level policies and regulations, (2) improving the quality and performance of the civil service at the sub-national level, (3) the complexities of designing and passing necessary regulations etc. at the provincial and district level to support policies and programmes, and (4) ensuring the even spread of quality of service delivery and assistance. It aims to examine the sub-national context from different perspectives through the four case studies, as mentioned above. These serve as examples of the policy innovations and constraints under decentralization in relation to the resources available and institutional capacity to deliver services and the particular vulnerabilities prevalent in different provinces. These are not exhaustive sectoral reviews but rather aim to elucidate the views of decision-makers and practitioners on issues affecting children’s rights and welfare.
Section 4.6, focuses on the Voices of Children and demonstrates that young people do not
experience health, educational and other problems in isolation, nor do they seek out ways of linking these things together. They rather experience them in a single context as a multi-dimensional series of life encounters. It focuses on a positive approach to adolescent and child development through sharing children’s narratives and stories. These demonstrate the importance of looking at development from a child and adolescent perspective.
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SECTION 1:
INTRODUCTION
The Situation Analysis ends in Section 5 with the below key ten recommendations provided insummary.
Recommendation 1. Harmonising the national and local level legal framework.
Recommendation 2. Mainstreaming the Indonesian Child Protection Law and other
legislation related to child rights and welfare and promoting compliance in national and local regulations, guidelines, and policies.
Recommendation 3. Improving evidence-based policing making: Reducing data deficiencies. Recommendation 4. Improving evidenced-based policy making and monitoring:
Strengthening knowledge management, data collection and analysis systems at the national and local level.
Recommendation 5. Improving evidenced-based policy making: Producing biennial thematic SITAN of women and children and other key public documents.
Recommendation 6. Establishing a comprehensive National Child (Special) Protection System to uphold and monitor child rights and welfare as mandated by the Indonesian Child Protection Law.
Recommendation 7. Promoting equitable development for women and children: Targeting interventions on worst performers to improve poverty reduction, pro-poor growth, and MDGs with equity.
Recommendation 8. Strengthening the decentralised system through local level capacity building and support in development planning processes: improving consultative planning processes, regulations, policy formulation, programme design, and service delivery to be pro-child and pro-women.
Recommendation 9. Advocating the scale up specific sectoral interventions to improve child rights and welfare and reduce inequity.
Recommendation 10. Communications for development to assist with knowledge building and behavioural change to support other targeted interventions and improve the situation of women and children in Indonesia.
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1.1
BACKGROUND
The Republic of Indonesia forms a vast archipelago covering three time zones between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is the world’s fourth most populous country, with an estimated population of 237.6 million in 2010, a figure which, despite declining fertility levels, has grown on average by around 3 million people or 1.49 per cent of the population each year.1 Indonesia
is a country of some 300 ethnic groups scattered across 17,508 islands, with approximately ten islands holding the bulk of the population.2 The largest ethnic group, the Javanese, are
mainly situated on the island of Java, and account for almost half of Indonesia’s population.3
The majority of the population (85.2 per cent) is Muslim, making Indonesia the country with the largest population of Muslims in the world.4 Nevertheless, there are substantial populations of
the different denominations of Christianity, Buddhists, Hindus, and others.5 In 2010, the country
had 31 provinces (and two special regions) within its borders at various stages of economic development.6 In 2005, the World Bank ranked Indonesia amongst those countries with
lower-middle income status.
In this environment of social diversity, this Situation Analysis Report (SITAN) aims to identify, analyse and explore the available data on the trends and patterns in the major problems affecting children and women in Indonesia over the past decade (2000-2010). In a marked departure from past SITAN, it also aims to explore policy initiatives, innovations, and challenges in responding to these problems in the new decentralised governance structures in Indonesia. The SITAN and its recommendations should serve as a policy, programme and advocacy tool for policymakers and practitioners, locally, nationally and internationally.
Although traditionally SITANs are carried out every five years, this is the first SITAN conducted since 2000 owing to the challenges that the Government of Indonesia (GoI) and UNICEF were facing in the middle of the last decade in responding to the devastating effects of the Indian Ocean tsunami in Aceh and surrounding areas, which occurred in December 2004. At the same time, the GoI, with the support of UNICEF, was also compiling the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) report, which provided an interim situation analysis of the changes in the situation of women and children in the country.
In the years following the tsunami, earthquakes and other natural disasters occurred in other
parts of the country including West Java, Padang and Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (or D.I.
Yogyakarta, to be referred to only as ‘Yogyakarta’ throughout the remainder of this report). These
disasters, and the massive social upheaval in Indonesia which preceded them at the onset of the new millennium, have made improving the situation of women and children in such a large and diverse country a significant challenge. Escalating poverty levels following the Asian financial crisis in 1997, as well as political instability, and sporadic outbreaks of violence during the political restructuring of the county through democratisation and decentralisation (discussed further in Sections 2 and 4), characterised the first half of the decade. These circumstances, coupled with the natural disasters mentioned above, have created both obstacles and opportunities within which policymakers and practitioners have sought to improve the situation of women and children in Indonesia.
1 Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) – Statistics Indonesia (October 2010) Laporan bulanan: Data sosial ekonomi, Vol.5, BPS: Jakarta. This igure is
based on estimations from the 2010 Census.
2 Government of Indonesia (2010) available at: http://www.indonesia.go.id/en - Republic of Indonesia (Last accessed 5 October 2010) 3 Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) – Statistics Indonesia (2010) available at www.bps.go.id (Last accessed 10 October 2010)
4 Government of Indonesia (2010) available at http://www.indonesia.go.id/en (Last accessed 10 October 2010) 5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
The last SITAN (2000) portrayed the situation of children in the period of political transformation from authoritarianism to democratisation following 32 years of the New Order government under President Suharto. Prior to the financial crisis of 1997, Indonesia experienced a long period of remarkable economic growth (see Section 2), which saw some improvements in education, health, infrastructure development and poverty levels. The situation unwound, however, with the multiple political, fiscal, and economic crises in the late 1990s, which saw devastating effects for much of the Indonesian population, but for women and children in particular. The data presented in this SITAN demonstrate how recovering from these crises has been a slow process that has continued throughout the best part of the last ten years, and that improvements have not always been achieved with equity for the poor. The financial crisis, although devastating, created an opportunity for revising traditional poverty reduction strategies. The GoI introduced a range of measures in the form of health and education social safety net programmes, as well as cash and conditional cash transfer programmes, to offset the worst impacts of the crisis for the poor, and in particular for children.
This SITAN (2010) demonstrates that despite the state of instability in which Indonesia found itself in 2000, the situation of women and children in Indonesia has been improving, and that for some indicators (measured nationally) Indonesia is on track to reach the MDGs by 2015. For example, Indonesia is well on the way to achieving universal primary education (see Table 1.1.1 for an overview of the GoI’s assessment of its progress on selected indicators for MDGs 1-7), and the challenge now remaining is to improve education quality (see Sections 3.4 and Section 4.4). On other indicators, such as the Maternal Mortality Ratio, there is still much work to be done.7
The analysis in this SITAN also highlights that despite these aggregate improvements, in many sectors there are wide geographic, economic, gender, income group, and other disparities in the improvements of the situation of women and the 83.6 million children and young people8 in
Indonesia. This requires urgent attention from government, donor, and civil society policymakers and programmers, to work towards achieving MDGs and progress with equity. Indonesia’s greatest challenges in the future, this SITAN argues, are:
• Reducing non-income poverty (see Sections 2 and 3);
• Redressing socio-economic and regional disparities (see Sections 2 and 3);
• Improving the uneven capacity to deliver services at present at the district and provincial level
under decentralisation (see Section 4);
• Better incorporating the needs and voices of women and children into local level strategies,
regulations, action plans, budgets, programmes and impacts (Section 4).
The evidence presented in this SITAN suggests that some of Indonesia’s most vulnerable groups continue to live in dire poverty, with poor access to education, health services, social protection, as well as safe and secure living environments (see Sections 2 and 3). There are, however, platforms within which tackling such disparities can be prioritised in development policymaking. The GoI, through the ratification of many human rights instruments, under its rights-based and empowerment-based poverty reduction strategy, and in its current National Medium-Term Development Plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional, RPJMN 2010-2014), has a mandate to protect the vulnerable and redress inequalities. Recognising the
7 Note that while the infant mortality rate (IMR) indicator is on track according to the GoI summary on its progress towards achieving MDGs, it is based on progress where the baseline is set at 1990. In the case that the baseline is set at 2000, far less progress has been achieved with only a two-point reduction in the under-five mortality rate and a one-point reduction in the IMR – see Section 3. 8 Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) – Statistics Indonesia (August 2010) Trends of the selected socio-economic indicators of Indonesia, August
2010, BPS: Jakarta, available at: http://www.bps.go.id/65tahun/Boklet_Agustus_2010.pdf (Last accessed 15 October 2010). Note: This
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District Data Source Year
Aceh Province Simeulue Aceh Singkil Aceh Selatan Aceh Tenggara Aceh Timur Aceh Tengah Aceh Barat Aceh Besar Piddie Bireuen Aceh Utara Aceh Barat Daya Gayo Lues Aceh Tamiang Nagan Raya Aceh Jaya Bener Meriah Pidie Jaya Kota Banda Aceh Kota Sabang Kota Langsa Kota Lhokseumawe Subulussalam
1999
65.3
62.1 63.9 65.4 66.0 64.3 66.8 64.1
63.1
70.5 63.7
1999
59.0
51.7 63.0 56.7 58.0 56.2 62.6 57.2
58.8
57.5 56.0
1999
52.4
38.5 50.6 42.5 40.6 42.2 43.4 42.4
50.3
37.4 43.3
2002
66.0 61.8 62.2 63.8 66.8 66.7 66.7 65.6 67.2 67.8 70.5 65.9
71.9 69.5
2002
62.1 60.1 61.8 60.3 65.4 62.5 64.6 60.2 65.0 66.3 68.3 53.8
69.7 60.5
2002
55.5 37.0 42.8 44.4 43.7 44.0 48.3 44.6 46.5 54.1 59.6 40.0
49.7 45.0
2004
68.7 64.5 65.8 66.9 69.4 67.7 69.9 66.7 70.6 68.8 71.3 68.6 65.9 64.8 67.3 65.5 66.2 66.3
74.0 72.5 69.5 72.8
2004
59.3 51.0 52.0 51.5 58.0 51.7 65.3 56.0 55.3 54.5 65.5 60.2 52.1 55.8 55.7 53.1 59.6 57.1
60.8 63.1 56.1 48.3
2004
42.1 40.1 46.3 44.4 29.3 31.0 45.5 41.2 32.2 36.3 48.3 46.0 32.7 37.9 39.2 36.4 43.0 42.0
48.0 42.6 35.4 19.7
2005
69.0 65.2 66.5 67.7 70.2 68.4 70.8 67.4 71.4 69.5 71.5 69.7 66.9 66.1 68.3 66.3 66.8 67.4
74.7 73.3 70.4 73.1
2005
59.6 52.1 53.2 51.8 58.5 52.2 66.3 56.7 56.7 55.4 66.3 61.7 53.7 56.3 55.8 53.8 60.8 57.6
61.0 63.3 56.7 49.7
2005
46.5 49.0 51.9 44.8 42.7 41.1 46.5 43.0 36.6 43.9 52.9 55.0 37.8 40.9 45.8 42.7 43.6 40.0
49.2 43.1 36.8 39.4
2006
69.4 66.4 67.2 68.4 70.6 68.8 71.2 68.1 71.9 70.0 72.2 70.4 67.5 66.6 68.7 66.9 67.8 68.1 69.4 75.4 73.7 71.5 73.8 67.8
2006
62.8 54.8 56.5 54.2 60.4 56.5 66.9 58.4 58.5 56.8 68.4 64.6 57.1 58.2 57.4 57.6 64.8 58.0 63.4 61.2 66.4 59.7 57.2 62.5
2006
49.7 51.6 54.9 46.8 44.9 45.4 47.2 44.5 38.6 45.1 54.4 57.9 40.6 41.6 47.5 46.4 46.7 40.0 45.7 48.2 46.2 39.2 46.5 45.6
2007
70.4 68.0 68.0 68.9 71.0 69.4 72.1 69.3 72.7 70.8 72.5 71.4 68.4 67.1 69.2 67.6 68.2 68.9 70.0 76.3 74.5 72.2 74.7 68.3
2007
63.9 55.1 57.9 56.5 62.1 59.2 67.9 59.7 59.9 59.7 68.8 65.1 58.1 61.6 58.7 58.4 65.5 60.0 63.9 63.8 67.3 61.1 58.6 63.9
2007
50.3 51.8 55.4 49.1 46.4 47.8 47.8 44.8 39.6 47.6 54.8 57.9 41.2 44.9 48.4 46.6 46.9 41.4 46.0 49.9 46.2 40.1 47.2 47.6
BPS - Statistic Indonesia calculation BPS - Statistic Indonesia calculation BPS - Statistic Indonesia calculation
Human development index (HDI) Gender development index (GDI) Gender empowerment measure (GEM) District
Data Source Year
Aceh Province Simeulue Aceh Singkil Aceh Selatan Aceh Tenggara Aceh Timur Aceh Tengah Aceh Barat Aceh Besar Piddie Bireuen Aceh Utara Aceh Barat Daya Gayo Lues Aceh Tamiang Nagan Raya Aceh Jaya Bener Meriah Pidie Jaya Kota Banda Aceh Kota Sabang Kota Langsa Kota Lhokseumawe Subulussalam
2008
962.3 20.6 22.2 38.8 30.9 76.2 40.6 43.7 63.5 101.8 79.1 135.7 27.4 18.9 50.8 33.2 17.2 31.3 37.7 19.9 7.1 24.0 23.9 17.7
2008
23.55 26.45 23.27 19.40 18.51 24.05 23.36 29.96 21.52 28.11 23.27 27.56 23.42 26.57 22.29 28.11 23.86 29.21 30.26 9.56 25.72 17.97 15.87 28.99
2008
5.18 4.51 4.82 3.62 2.83 5.29 4.39 11.06 5.56 6.33 5.21 5.61 3.72 4.85 3.58 7.62 5.79 5.13 8.33 3.44 6.16 3.88 2.77 5.11
2008
1.55 1.19 1.38 1.01 0.66 1.72 1.03 4.83 1.70 1.62 1.66 1.68 0.82 1.09 0.88 2.26 1.94 1.11 2.57 1.31 1.82 1.31 0.72 1.28
2008
41.24 11.90 42.33 27.70 24.88 30.42 40.69 29.30 53.32 28.35 37.13 29.30 31.03 35.75 51.71 23.50 42.84 39.53 38.84 94.31 89.93 65.70 78.51 24.28
2008
63.72 56.88 81.72 51.10 43.40 69.56 66.77 48.37 75.64 29.25 77.61 57.88 33.79 26.21 90.98 52.11 64.55 73.01 34.38 98.53 77.48 91.08 81.27 81.76
National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) Number of poor
population - thousands
Percentage of poor
population Poverty gap index Poverty severity index
Percentage of households using clean water
Percentage of households using latrines
(2)
District Data Source Year
Central Java Province Cilacap Banyumas Purbalingga Banjarnegara Kebumen Purworejo Wonosobo Magelang Boyolali Klaten Sukoharjo Wonogiri Karanganyar Sragen Grobogan Blora Rembang Pati Kudus Jepara Demak Semarang Temanggung Kendal Batang Pekalongan Pemalang Tegal Brebes Kota Magelang Kota Surakarta Kota Salatiga 1999 64.6 63.1 66.0 63.0 63.6 64.9 65.3 63.9 65.1 64.4 65.1 66.5 64.0 64.5 62.3 64.2 61.6 64.7 65.2 66.0 65.3 65.9 67.9 67.1 62.1 63.6 61.8 60.7 62.2 60.2 70.2 70.5 71.5 1999 57.4 50.3 57.4 46.7 59.4 55.2 58.2 57.9 60.5 61.9 61.4 61.8 58.5 58.3 55.2 58.1 55.3 55.9 56.8 60.3 53.4 60.4 61.1 65.5 57.3 52.1 52.3 53.7 50.2 49.7 64.2 66.5 69.8 1999 51.2 50.2 52.4 44.2 51.6 49.5 49.5 53.6 49.1 47.1 58.0 54.4 54.9 54.7 50.9 48.0 46.7 46.8 49.9 57.7 36.9 43.6 52.6 49.4 53.6 43.1 52.8 43.1 44.3 49.6 59.4 49.9 54.8 2002 66.3 65.3 66.7 65.0 63.7 65.6 68.4 64.7 67.2 65.7 67.8 67.7 66.5 68.5 64.9 65.5 64.7 65.5 68.6 66.9 66.9 66.4 69.5 69.6 65.5 65.5 63.9 62.2 63.3 61.3 73.0 73.0 72.8 2002 58.7 55.4 50.9 64.7 52.6 52.0 58.5 54.0 60.1 60.1 62.7 62.4 61.6 61.0 58.6 55.3 57.5 49.0 59.9 58.3 54.4 56.7 66.3 59.4 58.4 50.4 59.8 50.8 54.6 57.2 65.3 66.5 72.5 2002 51.0 52.6 46.2 63.5 39.2 46.4 48.8 51.2 54.2 46.9 64.7 53.9 56.3 61.2 53.6 43.5 43.6 40.0 51.0 53.1 38.0 40.7 53.2 44.7 52.0 41.1 58.1 37.1 47.7 55.9 55.1 48.3 57.5 2004 68.9 68.8 70.3 68.7 66.9 68.0 68.7 66.9 69.1 68.5 71.0 70.7 68.4 70.5 66.1 67.3 66.5 67.5 70.6 69.4 69.1 69.0 71.4 71.4 67.3 67.0 67.6 65.6 66.8 63.4 74.5 75.8 74.4 2004 59.8 53.8 58.1 58.2 53.3 50.4 59.7 48.6 63.0 62.3 62.6 65.0 58.9 65.2 59.1 47.9 60.8 59.1 57.7 62.3 51.8 62.8 69.1 67.7 60.1 56.5 50.3 56.8 52.8 46.9 68.6 71.4 68.8 2004 56.5 55.4 58.3 62.5 47.8 53.4 54.7 43.3 57.1 52.7 52.3 58.9 52.5 60.1 58.6 51.3 60.0 62.9 47.4 59.1 45.8 57.7 56.4 52.3 54.6 53.6 51.1 57.5 51.1 46.9 72.8 55.7 65.3 2005 69.8 69.5 70.7 69.3 67.3 68.9 69.1 67.6 69.9 69.0 71.4 71.2 69.0 70.7 66.6 67.6 67.9 69.0 70.9 70.0 69.6 69.4 71.9 71.8 67.9 67.6 68.2 66.3 67.5 64.3 74.7 76.0 74.8 2005 60.8 54.2 58.7 58.6 54.4 51.8 60.2 49.4 64.1 62.7 64.0 66.6 60.3 65.3 59.6 48.7 61.3 60.7 58.4 64.5 53.3 63.5 70.6 67.7 60.2 56.8 51.8 58.3 53.7 48.0 70.3 71.9 69.1 2005 56.9 56.3 59.3 62.3 48.6 55.6 54.8 43.0 57.8 52.3 53.2 59.8 50.4 59.6 59.2 49.5 60.6 64.8 48.7 62.5 47.1 58.3 56.6 50.8 54.0 52.7 53.0 57.9 51.2 45.3 74.4 56.4 65.3 2006 70.3 69.8 70.8 69.9 68.3 69.5 70.2 68.8 70.6 69.4 71.8 71.7 69.9 71.1 67.8 69.2 68.4 69.7 71.8 71.3 70.0 70.3 72.2 72.7 68.3 68.4 69.4 67.4 67.8 65.9 75.5 76.4 75.1 2006 63.7 56.1 62.1 58.5 55.2 53.9 61.0 52.3 64.7 63.3 64.9 68.7 63.2 67.5 63.2 52.4 62.9 62.6 59.6 65.9 54.9 66.6 71.5 69.3 62.7 57.6 52.6 60.5 56.8 50.2 70.7 74.1 71.1 2006 59.3 57.7 62.4 62.1 48.5 56.6 55.4 45.5 57.7 52.4 54.2 61.5 53.4 62.0 61.7 52.5 62.2 66.3 49.5 63.4 48.5 61.2 56.9 51.8 55.5 53.1 52.6 59.9 54.3 47.0 74.4 59.2 67.3 2007 70.9 70.3 71.2 70.4 68.5 70.0 70.7 69.2 71.0 69.6 72.5 72.5 70.1 71.6 69.0 69.8 69.1 70.5 71.9 71.7 71.5 71.1 72.9 73.1 68.9 68.6 69.7 67.9 68.8 66.6 75.7 76.6 75.4 2007 64.3 56.8 62.6 60.6 57.5 55.3 63.8 53.8 67.3 65.8 67.2 69.6 64.5 68.1 64.9 54.0 63.4 63.0 62.1 68.7 55.8 67.1 72.2 70.4 63.3 58.1 55.4 61.4 57.9 52.8 71.7 74.8 72.5 2007 59.7 58.2 62.5 63.1 50.1 58.4 57.9 46.9 60.0 53.6 55.0 62.4 54.6 62.4 62.2 54.7 62.4 66.3 50.5 65.9 48.9 61.5 58.0 53.7 56.2 54.1 53.6 60.4 54.4 47.2 75.0 59.4 67.7
BPS - Statistic Indonesia calculation BPS - Statistic Indonesia calculation BPS - Statistic Indonesia calculation Human development index (HDI) Gender development index (GDI) Gender empowerment measure (GEM)
2008 6122.6 343.9 340.7 221.9 200.6 334.9 130.0 207.5 190.8 158.4 243.1 99.1 201.1 125.9 177.1 262.0 155.1 154.7 207.2 97.8 119.2 217.2 102.5 114.7 168.2 122.0 164.3 325.2 26.8 459.3 14.9 83.4 14.9 2008 18.99 21.40 22.93 27.12 23.34 27.87 18.22 27.72 16.49 17.08 21.72 12.13 20.71 15.68 20.83 19.84 18.79 27.21 17.90 12.58 11.05 21.24 11.37 16.39 17.87 18.08 19.52 23.92 15.78 25.98 11.16 16.13 8.47 2008 4.25 4.67 3.95 5.40 5.75 7.05 4.17 8.07 5.01 3.64 7.09 2.63 6.03 3.02 3.50 4.49 5.12 5.48 6.01 2.76 1.99 3.86 2.33 4.66 4.02 5.41 4.23 3.59 2.70 5.06 1.68 2.71 1.28 2008 1.24 1.35 0.93 1.49 1.72 2.05 1.21 2.86 1.69 1.01 2.50 0.74 2.06 0.78 0.85 1.23 1.61 1.43 2.08 0.71 0.46 0.88 0.65 1.50 1.23 1.93 1.02 0.85 0.68 1.36 0.44 0.75 0.34 2008 57.29 37.01 41.88 47.11 41.21 41.95 59.58 69.65 54.47 47.38 54.39 57.45 52.56 80.01 73.04 50.34 68.23 59.23 72.79 65.20 59.29 57.65 70.80 61.38 73.30 43.85 41.81 45.71 47.69 51.02 82.16 76.87 86.04 2008 72.97 79.07 62.78 59.72 52.86 70.55 69.12 56.83 72.47 85.61 75.54 85.28 93.59 84.33 87.06 68.10 77.63 60.48 86.71 83.17 90.69 63.11 89.62 70.18 61.31 50.39 59.15 55.70 63.13 50.20 89.91 88.91 95.34
National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) Number of poor
population - thousands
Percentage of poor
population Poverty gap index Poverty severity index
Percentage of households using clean water
Percentage of households using latrines District
Data Source Year
Central Java Province Cilacap Banyumas Purbalingga Banjarnegara Kebumen Purworejo Wonosobo Magelang Boyolali Klaten Sukoharjo Wonogiri Karanganyar Sragen Grobogan Blora Rembang Pati Kudus Jepara Demak Semarang Temanggung Kendal Batang Pekalongan Pemalang Tegal Brebes Kota Magelang Kota Surakarta Kota Salatiga
(3)
District Data Source Year
East Nusa Tenggara Province West Sumba
East Sumba Kupang
Timor Tengah Selatan Timor Tengah Utara Belu
Alor Lembata East Flores Sikka Ende Ngada Manggarai Rote Nda West Manggarai Sumbar Barat Daya Central Sumba Nageko Kota Kupang
1999
60.4 45.4 55.7 57.0 49.2 53.7 51.8 55.3
58.1 51.5 55.8 63.2 60.9
66.6
1999
56.8 42.4 50.5 53.9 39.6 46.4 45.9 51.9
56.2 48.5 55.8 62.3 59.4
58.2
1999
46.4 34.4 40.7 47.1 34.8 35.3 35.6 33.5
40.8 43.8 46.5 47.4 41.1
52.6
2002
60.3 53.4 56.9 56.9 57.7 59.5 58.3 57.1 61.6 62.6 58.4 61.3 64.0 60.3
70.9
2002
56.3 51.6 56.8 45.6 38.1 52.4 53.6 47.3 61.3 62.1 54.4 59.9 61.0 59.9
60.3
2002
46.2 42.2 48.5 36.9 19.3 27.0 44.0 33.5 43.6 44.3 48.0 50.9 48.4 33.3
44.1
2004
62.7 58.7 58.7 61.2 61.8 62.4 60.5 64.5 64.4 63.8 63.9 63.9 65.5 64.5 61.4 62.4
73.9
2004
58.6 51.3 50.8 56.8 45.5 59.1 52.5 63.2 63.0 56.7 57.2 59.8 57.9 61.1 55.9 59.3
67.6
2004
56.3 44.2 57.7 48.9 43.2 58.0 59.3 57.9 50.6 46.3 52.6 53.8 46.7 50.3 45.4 48.0
48.6
2005
63.6 59.8 59.6 62.0 62.7 63.1 61.2 65.4 65.1 64.7 64.6 64.6 66.0 65.2 62.1 63.2
74.5
2005
59.6 51.8 52.6 57.0 47.0 59.6 54.0 63.9 63.1 58.1 57.3 61.3 58.5 61.8 56.1 59.5
67.7
2005
57.3 46.5 57.9 47.9 39.2 58.9 64.3 60.8 49.3 51.8 55.0 54.7 45.3 52.4 44.0 45.5
46.8
2006
64.8 60.1 60.0 63.1 63.6 64.0 61.7 66.9 65.6 66.4 65.9 65.0 67.3 65.7 64.3 63.5 58.9 58.4 64.6 74.7
2006
61.3 58.0 59.8 60.2 52.3 60.1 58.3 64.4 63.2 63.9 57.9 64.0 66.0 63.5 60.4 60.0 57.4 57.9 62.3 71.0
2006
59.0 52.8 67.1 52.3 46.1 60.5 68.4 61.0 50.1 57.9 54.5 56.6 52.1 54.8 48.0 45.6 46.4 47.5 48.8 52.1
2007
65.4 60.8 60.3 64.6 64.4 65.8 62.8 67.3 66.1 66.7 66.0 65.4 68.0 65.8 64.6 64.0 59.3 58.6 65.3 75.9
2007
63.1 58.5 59.9 60.4 53.3 61.8 58.9 64.8 64.9 64.3 59.5 64.7 66.4 64.9 60.5 61.2 58.2 58.4 64.2 72.4
2007
61.0 52.9 68.5 52.3 48.2 60.7 68.6 61.0 52.0 58.0 54.7 57.8 52.6 56.1 48.2 46.8 46.9 47.9 50.1 52.4
BPS - Statistic Indonesia calculation BPS - Statistic Indonesia calculation BPS - Statistic Indonesia calculation
Human development index (HDI) Gender development index (GDI) Gender empowerment measure (GEM) District
Data Source Year
East Nusa Tenggara Province West Sumba
East Sumba Kupang
Timor Tengah Selatan Timor Tengah Utara Belu
Alor Lembata East Flores Sikka Ende Ngada Manggarai Rote Nda West Manggarai Sumbar Barat Daya Central Sumba Nageko Kota Kupang
2008
1105.8 38.4 81.1 95.6 130.8 55.2 82.7 43.2 28.8 29.3 45.9 57.5 19.4 137.8 38.8 48.3 88.6 21.5 16.8 46.1
2008
25.68 37.85 37.14 26.95 33.55 27.74 19.69 25.14 29.24 13.21 17.34 24.87 15.49 28.57 36.58 25.05 36.45 38.65 14.53 14.66
2008
8.27 13.19 12.74 6.46 11.07 9.02 7.50 7.75 8.50 4.11 7.38 7.16 4.61 7.66 10.70 7.84 16.22 7.88 3.32 4.98
2008
3.08 5.40 4.91 1.76 4.05 3.35 3.04 2.77 2.66 1.49 3.45 2.39 1.54 2.28 4.25 2.73 7.64 2.21 0.88 1.91
2008
44.39 26.96 36.46 40.16 35.62 56.94 47.18 39.88 53.87 29.12 44.67 67.66 74.00 51.38 27.06 31.90 4.91 9.39 48.82 78.03
2008
73.59 44.04 50.21 77.16 93.43 87.13 70.99 78.34 78.71 77.75 64.30 75.11 90.10 75.18 44.06 50.09 47.99 50.05 69.66 98.48
National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) Number of poor
population - thousands
Percentage of poor
population Poverty gap index Poverty severity index
Percentage of households using clean water
Percentage of households using latrines
(4)
District Data Source Year
Papua Province Merauke Jayawijaya Jayapura Nabire
Yapen Waropen Biak Namfor Paniai Puncak Jaya Mimika Boven Digoel Mappi Asmat Yahukimo Pegunungan Bintang Tolikara Sarmi Keerom Waropen Supiori
Membramo Raya Kota Jayapura
1999
58.8 57.0 48.7 65.6
60.8 66.0 43.6
69.7
1999
55.7 52.6 47.7 56.2
54.6 58.8 43.4
58.4
1999
47.7 53.7 42.1 53.3 43.8 36.5
50.0 28.2
43.6
2002
60.1 58.1 47.0 65.0 54.1 56.9 64.8 58.0 66.3 64.8
71.4
2002
54.3 55.4 46.7 59.6 38.5 40.6 50.7 57.6 65.9 58.3
64.6
2002
49.0 43.7 29.9 38.9 27.5 18.4 41.5 30.1 32.8 24.8
48.2
2004
60.9 60.7 47.1 67.2 63.0 65.1 66.6 58.3 66.7 65.7 46.8 46.6 45.7 46.9 46.5 47.0 63.8 66.1 61.0 65.6
71.9
2004
57.4 56.6 44.5 60.1 55.6 59.9 59.2 53.9 63.6 52.4 41.8 43.2 42.1 42.8 37.0 45.8 63.2 61.4 55.7 59.5
60.9
2004
57.1 46.2 40.9 54.5 43.7 43.0 45.4 35.6 45.0 27.1 37.0 39.1 38.8 47.3 49.8 42.7 62.3 45.8 39.6 60.5
45.7
2005
62.1 61.5 47.6 67.5 65.1 66.4 66.9 58.3 66.7 66.2 47.6 47.0 47.2 47.4 46.9 49.2 64.8 66.5 61.3 65.9
72.1
2005
58.6 58.1 45.1 60.3 56.4 60.1 59.3 54.1 64.2 52.7 42.7 44.6 43.3 43.0 38.3 46.8 63.4 61.6 56.5 60.3
61.3
2005
61.9 49.5 37.8 61.5 39.0 49.6 55.5 46.1 57.1 29.7 40.7 44.7 45.2 50.9 53.9 45.6 64.1 48.7 43.7 63.7
48.5
2006
62.8 62.5 52.4 68.8 65.2 67.0 67.3 58.5 67.0 67.1 48.3 48.0 48.3 48.0 47.2 49.6 65.2 66.9 61.6 66.2
73.1
2006
59.3 60.5 49.9 63.2 60.1 65.1 59.5 54.8 64.4 54.5 45.1 47.5 46.2 46.9 46.7 49.9 65.9 61.8 58.3 61.7
65.1
2006
63.5 52.0 45.8 64.8 44.2 57.7 56.3 48.2 58.4 34.6 43.1 48.1 47.5 58.0 60.0 51.0 68.6 49.6 48.2 66.1
53.1
2007
63.4 64.0 53.0 70.0 65.6 68.1 68.6 58.7 67.2 67.8 48.7 49.0 49.5 48.3 47.4 50.4 65.9 68.0 62.0 66.9 57.3 73.8
2007
61.1 61.7 51.6 64.9 61.3 66.5 60.7 57.0 64.8 57.3 46.0 47.5 46.9 48.6 46.8 51.5 66.4 63.9 58.9 62.0 55.0 65.5
2007
63.8 52.0 47.6 64.9 46.2 57.9 57.3 48.6 58.3 36.9 43.8 48.2 47.7 59.3 60.2 51.7 68.7 51.0 48.3 66.8 42.6 53.5
BPS - Statistic Indonesia calculation BPS - Statistic Indonesia calculation BPS - Statistic Indonesia calculation
Human development index (HDI) Gender development index (GDI) Gender empowerment measure (GEM) District
Data Source Year
Papua Province Merauke Jayawijaya Jayapura Nabire
Yapen Waropen Biak Namfor Paniai Puncak Jaya Mimika Boven Digoel Mappi Asmat Yahukimo Pegunungan Bintang Tolikara Sarmi Keerom Waropen Supiori
Membramo Raya Kota Jayapura
2008
709.3 26.7 105.4
21.3 63.2 28.5 39.4 56.3 57.7 37.8 9.1 24.4 25.7 72.7 42.0 21.1 8.3 11.5
9.9 6.1
42.1
2008
35.53 15.69 48.15 21.80 37.56 37.31 37.06 48.29 49.42 26.63 27.49 36.23 39.77 50.63 45.81 45.08 24.52 27.19 44.50 50.92
18.67
2008
11.16 3.54 10.16
6.31 11.89 14.23 11.97 12.58 8.91 9.75 10.68
8.12 15.95 22.68 18.06 6.89 4.77 10.39 17.57 7.72
10.34
2008
4.50 1.18 3.04 2.19 4.36 5.62 4.43 4.53 2.08 4.06 4.56 2.45 7.38 10.32
8.09 1.50 1.31 5.23 7.28 1.64
6.13
2008
29.46 36.49 15.69 51.58 34.91 32.61 40.08 9.40 7.08 55.69 11.23 8.40 0.00 0.00 7.04 0.00 9.77 31.63 14.37 19.20
77.27
2008
61.12 95.37 25.26 73.15 85.11 61.05 81.97 77.64 51.87 74.31 42.09 29.62 12.00 13.62 48.77 0.64 53.27 85.04 66.67 88.82
94.31
National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) Number of poor
population - thousands
Percentage of poor
population Poverty gap index Poverty severity index
Percentage of households using clean water
Percentage of households using latrines
(5)
Human development index (HDI)
Gender development index (GDI)
Gender empowerment measure (GEM)
HDI
GDI
GEM
The HDI is a summary measure of human development. It measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: (1) A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth, (2) Knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two thirds weight) and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio (with one third weight), and (3) A decent standard of living, as measured by GDP per capita (PPP US$).
Before the HDI itself is calculated, an index needs to be created for each of these dimensions. To calculate these dimension indices - the life expectancy, knowledge and GDP indices - minimum and maximum values (‘goalposts’) are chosen for each underlying indicator. Performance in each dimension is expressed as a value between 0 and 1 by applying the following general formula: (actual value – minimum value) / (maximum value – minimum value). The HDI is then calculated as a simple average of the dimension indices.
While the HDI measures average achievement, the GDI adjusts the average achievement to reflect the inequalities between men and women in the following dimensions: (1) A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth, (2) Knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio, and (3) A decent standard of living, as measured by estimated earned income (PPP US$).
The calculation of the GDI involves three steps. First, female and male indices in each dimension are calculated. Second, the female and male indices in each
dimension are combined in a way that penalizes differences in achievement between men and women. The resulting index is referred to as the equally distributed index. Third, the GDI is calculated by combining the three equally distributed indices in an unweighted average.
Calculating the GDI is straightforward. It is simply the unweighted average of the three component indices - the equally distributed life expectancy index, the equally distributed knowledge index and the equally distributed income index: 1/3 (life expectancy index) + 1/3 (education index) + 1/3 (income index).
Focusing on women’s opportunities rather than their capabilities, the GEM captures gender inequality in three key areas: (1) Political participation and decision-making power, as measured by women’s and men’s percentage shares of parliamentary seats, (2) Economic participation and decision-making power, as measured by two indicators - women’s and men’s percentage shares of positions as
BPS - Statistics Indonesia/BAPPENAS/UNDP, Indonesia Human Development Report, 2004
BPS - Statistics Indonesia/The Ministry of Women Empowerment, Gender Based Human Development 2005 and 2006
BPS - Statistics Indonesia/The Ministry of Women Empowerment, Gender Based Human Development 2005 and 2006
DEFINITIONS OF THE INDICATORS MAIN DATA SOURCES DEFINITIONS OF THE INDICATORS MAIN DATA SOURCES
legislators, senior officials and managers, and women’s and men’s percentage shares of professional and technical positions, and (3) Power over economic resources, as measured by women’s and men’s estimated earned income (PPP US$).
For each of these three dimensions, an equally distributed equivalent percentage (EDEP) is calculated, as a population-weighted average. Finally, the GEM is calculated as a simple average of the three indexed EDEPs.
Population below the provincial poverty line. The provincial poverty line is the local currency (IDR) value an individual needs to fulfil his or her daily minimum requirement for food of 2,100 kilocalories (kcal), plus non-food minimum needs, such as housing, clothing, health, education and transportation. The provincial food poverty line is the cost of meeting the basic food needs of 2,100 kcal per day in the province, while the non-food provincial poverty line is how much a person has to spend to fulfil their basic, minimum non-food requirements in the province. People whose expenditures are less than the level of the poverty line are classified as living below the poverty line, or as poor population.
The poverty standard used by the Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) -Statistics Indonesia is dynamic because it has to be realistic and to adjust to shifts in consumption patterns and provincial aspirations. There are two different criteria: the 1996 standard and 1998 standard. The revision in 1998 was done not only because of the shift in consumption patterns but also because the definition of minimum basic requirements and commodities had to be broadened to take into account new policies affecting family expenditure, such as the introduction of nine years of compulsory basic education.
The average size of the expenditure gap among the poor as compared with the poverty line. The higher the index value, the farther the average expenditure of the population is from the poverty line. The poverty gap is defined as: (incidence of povery) x (depth of poverty). The poverty gap index measures the depth or intensity of poverty; how far the poor are below the poverty line.
The poverty severity index gives an overview of the patterns of expenditure among the poor. The higher the index value, the higher the expenditure inequality among the poor.
Poor population
Poverty gap index
Poverty severity index
Poor population
Poverty severity index
Poverty severity index
BPS - Statistics Indonesia: Based on National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS), published in the Statistical Year-Book of Indonesia
BPS - Statistics Indonesia, Data and Information Poverty 2008 (Book 2: District / Municipality), Jakarta (based on the National Socio-Economic Survey 2008), 2009
BPS - Statistics Indonesia, Data and Information Poverty 2008 (Book 2: District / Municipality), Jakarta (based on the National Socio-Economic Survey 2008), 2009
(6)
Percentage of households using clean water
Percentage of households using latrines
DEFINITIONS OF THE INDICATORS MAIN DATA SOURCES
Proportion of the number of households using clean water among the total number of households, expressed as a percentage. Clean water is water is sourced from taps, bottled water, water from protected wells and protected springs with distance from any final disposal site (septic tank) of at least 10 metres.
Proportion of the number of households that use latrines among the total number of households, expressed as a percentage.
Percentage
of households using clean water
Percentage of households using latrines
BPS - Statistics Indonesia, Data and Information Poverty 2008 (Book 2: District / Municipality), Jakarta (based on the National Socio-Economic Survey 2008), 2009
BPS - Statistics Indonesia, Data and Information Poverty 2008 (Book 2: District / Municipality), Jakarta (based on the National Socio-Economic Survey 2008), 2009