African-American Vernacular English Literature Review

they are exactly the same. This is because each research has its own distinctive focus and methodology. 1. “Types of Linguistic Deviation in Oliver Twist’ by Masanori Miyata 2007. This research is in the form of journal. In his research, firstly he describes linguistic deviation and foregrounding. Then, he explained each types of linguistic deviation completely as well as the kinds of each type, e.g. neologism, compounding, slank, coinage, etc which are the kinds of lexical deviation. Masanori Miyata analyzed Oliver Twist using 8 elements of lingustic deviation. Since this research only focuses on examining syntactic deviations in the collected poems of Langston Hughes edited by Arnold Rampersad and David Roessel, it produced a different result. “Morphological Deviation as Stylistic Marker in E. E. Cummings Poetry” by Sami Basheer Matrood. 2. Linguistics Deviation in Dicken’s Hard Time by Mustapha Daddi Ouameur 2013. In his research he analyzes eight classifications of linguistic deviation based on Leech in Hard Times and also explains foregrounding and parallelism. The researcher describes all the types of linguistics deviation in general and investigaes the effects of Dickens’ use of language deviation from linguistic norms of literary conventions. The objective, Hard Times is a famous novel published in Victorian era. Victorian novels were vehicle which writers used to deliver social criticism. Thus, it is used to satirize the England condition at that time. Mustapha shows that various uses of Linguistic Deviation help Dickens to describe his characters, and to show their social classes; therefore, it depicts the bitter reality of the Industrial town as well as representing a full picture of Coketown to the readers. 3. Blooms Critical Views of Langston Hughes’ Poem by Harold Bloom 2007. This research is about Bloom’s critics towards Langston Hughes’ poem entitled “Fine clothes to the Jew”, Intracaste Prejudice in “Mulatto”, Do Right to Write Right: L angston Hughes’s Aesthetics of Simplicity, and Jazz poetry. This research dealt with literature analysis which also used literature theory to analyzed Langston Hughes’ poem. This research has no relevance to the linguistic study but it can help the researcher understand some Langston Hughes’ poems.

B. Conceptual Framework and Analytical Construct

1. Conceptual Framework

This research studies the phenomenon of deviation of language that occurs in literary works, especially poems. The object of this research is The Collected Poem of Langston Hughes that sounds the heartbeat of black life in America during five decades from 1920s to 1960s. Langston Hughes’ collected poems are examined using stylistic approach. Stylistics is defined as a field of study that explores the language used in literary works. This becomes the appropriate approach to use since this research indeed focuses on how language is maintained in the research objects. In this study, the researcher focuses to describe the language used by the author. Thus,