Focus of the Research

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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A. Literature Review

1. Stylistics

Missikova 2003: 17 states that stylistics is considered as a field of study where the methods used are to select and implement linguistic, extra-linguistic or artistic expressive means in the process of communication. Therefore, people can distinguish linguistic stylistics and literary poetic stylistics. To strengthen his point of view, Mick Short, a Professor in the Department of Linguistics and Modern English Language at Lancaster University and a leading authority in the field of stylistics, also says that stylistics can sometimes look like either linguistic or literary criticism, depends on where the readers are standing when looking at it Short in Missikova, 2003: 17. According to J. Mistrík in Missikova 2003: 18, stylistics can be defined as the study of choice and the type of linguistic use, extra-linguistic and aesthetic means, as well as particular techniques used in communication. This study is used to interpret and to distinguish the linguistic element in a writing , group of writings, or a text, i.e. a structure capable of being interpreted by a code, including intentional structures like a culture or a whole language. In addition, Peter Verdonk 2002: 4 states that stylistics is the study of varieties of language which has position in the context. Stylistics also attempts to establish principles to explain the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as socialization, the production and reception of meaning, critical discourse analysis and literary criticism. Thus, stylistics can be meant as the analysis of distinctive expression in language and the description of its purpose and effect.

2. Stylistics as the Combination of Linguistic and Literary Analysis

Linguistic analysis cannot be abandonned in analyzing literature because both linguistics and literature complete each other. Commonly, language is used as a medium of literary works that can make a unique and shopisticated works. Language is a device which influences the meaning of submission of its works and identifies what kind of language used by the author. However, in analyzing language, people should consider literature as a way of how language is used. Leech 1981: 1 says that literature cannot be investigated apart from language and vice versa. Thus, stylistics appears to be a bridge between linguistics and literature. Stylistics is the study of literary style or the study of the use of language in literature. It analyses the distinctive expression in literary language and the description of its purpose and effect. Crystal, D. 1997: 71 observes that most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex language within literature, i.e. ‘literary stylistics’. He says that the scope is sometimes pointed to concentrate on the more unusual features of literary language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses. For example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction than the language of plays and novels. As stated by Leech 1981: 14, stylistics has two main goals: to explain the relation between language and artistic function, and to discover the author’s works through uncertain acknowledgement attribution. In brief, these categorises make stylistics into two types, literary and attributional stylistics. In this study, the researcher only explains the literary styles because the language of literature is different from the language of everyday life, and also the author’s language is more difficult to understand than the language of common people. Literary language may violate or deviate from the generally observed rules of the daily language in many different ways: some obvious, some subtle. Both means that motives for deviation are worth careful study. Creative writers, and more particularly the poets, enjoy a unique freedom to range over its entire communicative source. Most of what is considered characteristic of literary language has its roots in everyday uses of language, and can be studied with some references to these uses. Example of literary styles: A standard rhyme that might be found inside a conventional Valentine’s card: Roses are red, Violets are blue. Sugar is sweet, And so are you The example of the poem is one of today’s version poem of roses are red, violets are blue poem. The original version was written by Sir Edmund Spencer 1552-2559. He is an important English poet who is famous for writing the epic