Theoretical Framework LITERATURE REVIEW

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D. Research Instruments

In gathering data, the writer used three kinds of instruments, namely: 1. The Preliminary Interview The first instrument was the preliminary interview. The answers needed were in the form of information about respondents’ views, opinions, and attitudes. This interview was done informally. 2. Questionnaires For the needs survey, the writer distributed questionnaires to 30 thirty students of Language Program Year XI in SMA Stella Duce 1 Yogyakarta. The results of the needs survey were considered to help the writer in formulating the objectives and selecting the topics of reading materials. The writer used questionnaires in order to allow the respondents to state their opinions, suggestion, and critiques of the design materials. The questionnaires were written in Indonesian so the respondents would understand exactly what to be answered. The questionnaires were given to 5 five English teachers at the SMA Stella Duce 1 Yogyakarta and 2 two English lecturers at Sanata Dharma University. The questionnaires were divided into two parts. The first part of the questionnaires was the closed form. The closed form is used to ease the respondents in answering the questionnaires because they just choose the available option. Moreover, the first part of the questionnaires consisted of a closed form of statements which the answer form had number 1 to 5. Each number had its own category. Number 1 meant that the respondents strongly disagree, number 2 meant that the respondents disagree, number 3 meant that the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 43 respondents could not decide, number 4 meant that the respondents agree, and number 5 meant that the respondents strongly agree. In this part the respondents only chose the option number 1 to 5 by giving a tick  on the answers that represented their opinions. There were fifteen statements related to the design units of reading material for Language Program of Senior High School Students Year XI based on constructivist learning theory which is implemented through task based learning. The second part of the questionnaires was the open form. The questions were about the designed material. 3. Documents The documents were the current curriculum that was the School based Curriculum for the Language Program of Senior High School Students Year XI.

E. Data Gathering Technique

For the needs analysis, the writer distributed questionnaires to Language Program Students Year XI in SMA Stella Duce 1 Yogyakarta. The results of the needs survey were considered to help the writer in formulating the objectives and selecting the topics of reading materials. The writer also interviewed and recorded the result of informal interview with the English teacher in order to find out more information about the learners’ needs. For the post design survey, the writer distributed the questionnaires to 7 seven respondents. They were 5 five respondents of English teachers at the SMA Stella Duce 1 Yogyakarta and 2 two respondents of English lecturers at Sanata Dharma University. The data were gathered in order to obtain data from the respondents about the designed materials. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 44

F. Data Analysis

The data gathered from the closed questions of the questionnaires were recorded in the table of raw data. The data, then, were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The type of descriptive statistics which was used to summarize and describe the data was the measures of central tendency. There were three major measures of central tendency. They were mean, median and mode. The mean was an average of all the scores in a distribution. The median was the mid point in a distribution. The mode was the most frequent score in a distribution. It was formulated as follows: X = ∑ X n where: X = the average point ∑ X = the sum of all the scores n = the total number of scores The result of the calculation was presented in the form of a table which showed the mean, median and mode. The score showed the respondents’ opinions about the designed materials. The following table showed the respondents’ opinions: No. Respondents’ opinions Frequency of Occurrence Central Tendency 1 2 3 4 5 N Mn Mdn Md Table 3.2. Respondents’ Opinions Notes: N = number of respondents Mdn = median Mn = mean Md = mode