13 Kemp 1977:98, there are several ways to evaluate the developed program,
namely 1 test result, 2 reactions from learners, 3 observations of learners at work, 4 suggestion from colleagues. In this study, the evaluation step is the
evaluation of the designed materials, not evaluation of the learners. The step of Kemp’s model is presented in figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1: Kemp’s Instructional Model Kemp, 1977:9
2. Research and Development RD
According to Borg and Gall 1983:771, Educational Research and Development R D is a process used to develop and validate educational
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14 product. The product here includes not only physical materials, such as textbook,
instructional film and so forth, but it also intended to refer to established procedures and processes. It consists of studying research findings pertinent to the
product to be developed, developing the product based on these findings, field testing it in the setting where it will be used eventually, and revising it to correct
the deficiencies found in the field-testing stage. There are 10 steps in developing the product. Those are:
1. Research and information collecting It includes:
• Review of related literature to find some information to support the development of the product.
• Classroom observation • Preparation
2. Planning It includes
• Defining skills • Stating objectives
• Small scale feasibility testing 3. Develop preliminary form of product
It includes preparation of instructional materials, handbooks and evaluation tools. An important principle that should be observed in developing the
preliminary form of an educational product is to structure the product so as to permit obtaining as much feedback as possible from the field test.
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4. Preliminary Field Testing In preliminary field testing, the product is conducted in 1 to 3 schools, using 6
to 12 subjects. Here, the data will be collected using instruments such as interview, observational and questionnaire data collected and analyzed. The
purpose of the preliminary field test is to obtain an initial qualitative evaluation of the new educational product.
5. Main Product Revision The product is revised as suggested by the preliminary field-test result.
6. Main Field testing In main field testing, the product is conducted in 5 to 15 schools with 30 to
100 subjects. The purpose of the main field testing is to determine whether the educational product under development meets its performance objectives.
7. Operational Product Revision The product is revised as suggested by main field testing. The purpose of the
operational field test is to determine whether an educational product is ready for use in the schools without the presence of the developer or his staff.
8. Operational field testing It is conducted in 10 to 30 schools involving 40 to 200 subjects. Here, the
interview, observational and questionnaire data are collected and analyzed. 9. Final Product Revision
The product is revised as suggested by operational field-test result.
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10. Dissemination and implementation The final product is reported at professional meeting and in journal. It can be
reported in the seminar or written in a paper.
3. Communicative Language Teaching
