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D. Data Gathering Techniques
In gathering the data, the writer used three kinds of techniques namely library study, questionnaire, and interview. First is library study. Here, the writer
looked for the theory of Task-Based Language Teaching, Communicative Language Teaching, English for Specific Purposes and theories in designing the
materials. Second, the writer conducted a needs analysis using questionnaire as the
instrument. There were two questionnaires that were used in this research. First, the questionnaire was given to the learners. It would cover learners’ needs, lacks,
characteristics, and interests in the topics given. Second, the questionnaire was also given to two lecturers of English Education Study Program at Sanata Dharma
University and two English instructors of Wisma Bahasa English Division after preliminary materials have been designed. The expert validation questionnaire and
the user validation questionnaire were distributed on November 2010. The questionnaire was given to get comments, suggestion and feedback of the
materials. Third, the writer conducted interviews with the Head of Human Resource
section, the Head of Operational section, and the senior staff of the Information Centre as the participants. The interviews were carried out to ascertain learners’
needs, lack, characteristics, and interest in learning English. It was also to know about the history of Taman Wisata Candi Prambanan, the sections in PT. Unit
Candi Prambanan , and other information related to Taman Wisata Candi
Prambanan such as the facilities, the visit of tourist, etc.
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E. Data Analysis Techniques
The data from the library study and interviews were analyzed using qualitative data analysis, while the questionnaires were analyzed differently
because there were two types of questionnaires. The first one was for the staff of Taman Wisata Candi
Prambanan. The data were analyzed by calculating the data into percentage as most people find it easier to understand data in percentage than
in raw frequencies Brown Rodgers, 2002. From the analysis, the writer got learners’ characteristics, learners’ needs, wants and interests. The percentage was
calculated by the amount of students who chose the options divided by amount of all students who participated. The formulation to find out the percentage is
presented as follows.
x 100 Note:
n = the number of participants who choose certain statements
= the total number of participants The second questionnaire was given to two lecturers of English Education
Study Program of Sanata Dharma University and two English instructors of Wisma Bahasa English Division. It was conducted to obtain the comments,
suggestions and revisions from the experts and the users. The educational background and teaching experience of the expert validation and user validation’s
participants are described in Table 3.2 and Table 3.3.
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Table 3.2: The Form of the Description of Expert Validation Questionnaire Participants
Groups of Respondents
Educational Background Teaching Experience
Sex D3 S1 S2 S3 1 1-5
5-10 10 M F
Lecturers
Table 3.3: The Form of the Description of Expert Validation Questionnaire Participants
Groups of Respondents
Educational Background Teaching Experience
Sex D3 S1 S2 S3 1 1-5 5-
10 10 M F
Instructors In the first part of the questionnaire, there are four agreements to measure
the statements. They are presented in Table 3.4.
Table 3.4: Points of Agreement
Points of Agreement Meaning
1 strongly disagree with the statement
2 disagree with the statement
3 agree with the statement
4 strongly agree with the statement
The result of the first part of the questionnaire was presented by using Central Tendency as shown in Table 3.5. The designed materials would be
considered as an acceptable design if the central tendency for each statement in the questionnaire was between the scales of 3 to 4.
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Table 3.5: The Form of the Results of Expert and User Validation Questionnaire
No. Respondents’ Opinion
Frequency of Occurrence N
Central Tendency
1 2 3 4 Mean
Central tendency, the trend of a set of numbers that clusters around a particular value, is a convenient way of summarizing data of nominal categories
such as the Likert scale Brown Rodgers, 2002. In this study, the central tendency was measured using mean. Mean is the sum of all the values in a
distribution divided by the number of values. It is used to find a single statistic that characterizes the entire set of numbers. The formula of calculating the mean
can be seen below. :
Notes: :
The mean
: Raw scores ∑x
: The sum of the scores N
: Number of Participants
To analyze the second part of the questionnaire, the essay part, was done by presenting the comments, and suggestions from the participants into
paragraphs. The comments and suggestions would be summarized and presented into paragraphs.
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F. Research Procedure