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10. Dissemination and implementation The final product is reported at professional meeting and in journal. It can be
reported in the seminar or written in a paper.
3. Communicative Language Teaching
In this part, the writer discusses the theories about Communicative Language Teaching. Those are a the overview, b the principles, and c teaching speaking
in CLT.
a. Overview of Communicative Language Teaching CLT
Communicative Language Teaching is an approach that aims to make communicative competence the goal of language teaching. The term
“communicative competence” means knowing how to use language for real communication. According to Richard, communicative competence includes the
following aspects of language knowledge: 1. Knowing how to use language for a range of different purposes and functions
2. Knowing how to vary our use of language according to the setting and the participants e.g. knowing when to use formal and informal speech or when to
language appropriately for written as opposed to spoken communication 3. Knowing how to produce and understand different types of texts e.g. narrative,
report, interviews, and conversation
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
17 4. Knowing how to maintain communication despite having limitations in one’s
language knowledge e.g. through using different kinds of communication strategies
Richard also stated that one of the goals of CLT is to develop fluency in language use.
Fluency is natural language use occurring when a speaker engages in meaningful interaction and maintains comprehensible and
ongoing communication despite limitations in his or her communicative competence. Fluency is developed by creating
classroom activities, in which learners must negotiate meaning, use communication strategies, correct misunderstanding and work to
avoid communication breakdowns.
Fluency in speaking is one of the goals for people who learn English. It is one of the criteria that must be mastered for people who learn English. When
people are scored on their speaking, fluency is one of the criteria that is considered. It shows that fluency is an important part in speaking.
Moreover, according to Brumfit and Johnson 1979 and also Littlewood 1981 as cited in Richard and Rogers 2001:161, there are three elements of
learning theory in CLT, namely communication principle, task principle and meaningfulness. First is communication principle. It refers to the kind of activities
that involve real communication to promote learning. Second is task principle. It refers to activities in which language is used for carrying out and supporting
meaningful tasks to promote learning. Third is meaningfulness. It refers to the language which is meaningful to the learner that supports the learning process.
b. Principles in CLT
