6 3. Writers
This study will give insights for writers who are interested in ESP. It will hopefully give useful information about designing English materials for specific
purposes.
F. Definition of Terms
1. Instructional materials According to Dick and Reiser, Instructional materials are materials
planned or designed for the use of teacher Dick and Reiser, 1989:3. According to Briggs and Gagne 1979:3, instruction is a set of events which affect learners
in such a way that learning is facilitated. Instructional material is a set of unit which is used to teach student in order to achieve the goals of teaching and
learning 2. Speaking
Speaking means an interaction between two people or more, with a purpose to convey a particular message Widdowson, 1979:59. In this research,
speaking is defined as interaction between staff of Taman Wisata Candi Prambanan and foreigners using English as the means of communication.
3. Task-Based Language Teaching Task-Based Language Teaching TBLT is an approach which provides
learners in completing the tasks. According to Richard and Rogers 2001:223, engaging learners in task work provides a better context for the activation of
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
7 learning processes than form-focused activities, and hence ultimately provides
better opportunities for language learning to take place. 4. Task
There are definitions of task. Richard and Rogers 2001:223 as cited in Nunan 1989:10 suggested that the communicative task is a piece of classroom
work which involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the target language which focuses on meaning rather than form.
Another definition according to Skehan 1996:20 as cited in Richard and Rogers 2001:223, tasks are activities which have meaning as their primary focus. It has
some similarities to the language in the real use. Furthermore, it also takes a strong view of communicative language teaching. There are two types of tasks as
suggested by Nunan: 1. Real-world tasks, which are designed to practice or rehearse those tasks that
are found to be important in a needs analysis and turn out to be important and useful in the real world
2. Pedagogical tasks, which have a psycholinguistic basis in SLA theory and research but do not necessarily reflect real-world tasks
In this study, the writer uses real-world tasks which are transformed into pedagogical tasks in designing the materials. Therefore, the materials will be
sufficient enough in their real world. 5. Staff
According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, staff means the people who work for an organization 2004: 1608. In this research, the staff
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8 are the people who work in Taman Wisata Candi Prambanan. They are people
who work in the office and also inside Taman Wisata Candi Prambanan.
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9
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
