Back-Channel Response Women and Men’s Conversational Styles

The result shows that the topics are various, like country, occupation, business, study, family, customer, closing, planning, introduction, domicile, opinion, food, ability, comparison, duration, hobby, activity, asking agreement, movie, and politics. In addition, the ways to sustain communication are showing interest, easing communication, and finding a point of agreement. She finds that there is no any difference way in sustaining communication. The result also shows that the participants communicate to serve phatic functions. Those are sustaining or keeping the talk, making chit-chat, expressing solidarity, expressing friendship, expressing hospitality, breaking the silence, making gossip, creating harmony, creating comfort, starting the talk, and expressing empathy. The fifth study has been conducted by Xia 2013 entitled Gender Differences in Using Language. The purpose of the study is to explore men and women’ differences from the aspects of pronunciation, intonation, vocabulary, syntax, manners, attitudes, non-verbal differences, and topic selection. Besides, she also intends to see the changes of those differences. The results show that men and women have several differences. First, women pronounce better than men do. Second, men tend to use falling intonation showing confidence and power while women’s intonation shows rising intonation to show gentleness, but this intonation might also show lack of confidence. Third, men and women like to use different vocabulary in color words, adjectives, adverbs, swear words and expletives, diminutives, and pronouns. Fourth, different gender has different grammar in modulation, interrogative sentences, imperatives sentences, and correctness of grammar. Fifth, women tend to use standard form than men do. Sixth, women are more patient than men are, and they wait other’s talk. Seventh, men and women have different interests in topic selection. In this point, men like to talk about politics, economy, stocks, sports, and current issues. On the contrary, women prefer talking about education of children, clothes, cooking, fashion, and other topics. Moreover, this study also explores the difference in psychology, social status, and cultural background. First, psychology difference shows that men like to say what they want to say without considering others’ feeling. On the other hand, women are more careful, sensitive, and thoughtful. Second, social status difference indicates that men are more powerful than women are. In this case, women attempt to improve themselves by using standard form of language. Third, cultural background difference affects men and women’s behavior, especially in using language. The changes of such differences show that educational level might influence the way men and women use language. In this case, men are trying to be patient to wait others’ talk. In addition, men attempt to reduce the use of swear words or taboos. Therefore, they become polite and gentlemen-like. The last study has been conducted by Jumanto 2014 entitled Phatic Communication: How English Native Speakers Create Ties of Union. It aims to show the functions of phatic communication among English native speakers, the types of expressions used for creating ties of union, phatic communication and politeness, and verification by other theories. In this case, he has interviewed nine native speakers with different dialects of American English, British English, and American English. He has set four types of hearer in relation to power and solidarity: a close superior superior and solidarity, a not close superior superior