Benefits of the Study

and now, as the design feature of displacement, means talking about things located elsewhere in time and space. The third ingredient is a code that can change the form of a message. This code has three design features, namely discrete, arbitrary, and hierarchical. Discrete code refers to messages consisting of smaller parts words, syllables, or individual sounds. Arbitrary means no intrinsic connection needed between the signal and the meaning it conveys. Hierarchical refers to a combination of small units to become larger units sounds, syllables, words, phrases, sentences, discourse. The fourth ingredient is a signal that is needed to transmit a physical signal, like sound, sight, or touch. The signal has four design features: modality-specific, one-to-many broadcast, directional reception, and rapid fading. Modality-specific shows that spoken language uses the airways to produce acoustic and visual signals supported by hand gestures and facial gestures. One-to-many broadcast shows that a sender might broadcast speech signals to many receivers at the same time, like giving a speech or broadcasting. Directional reception shows that perceivers identify speech signals as coming from a single direction and source. Rapid fading shows that speech signals disappear as soon as the signals are produced. The explanation above shows that those four ingredients and design features of human language need to be considered in a communication. It is assumed that those can make communication work well. Therefore, in communication, people need to focus on senders speakers and receivers listeners, formulate the messages, design an efficient language code, and work with the signals. Cruse 2000:5 describes the notion of communication as an exploration of meaning. It indicates that communication constructs any meanings or interpretations when transforming information. To get the meaning as wanted, Cruse 2000:5 in line with Lyons 1997:34 gives a simple model of communication shown in figure 2.1. Figure 2.1 Model of Communication Cruse, 2000:5 Figure 2.1 shows the way of communication people do in their daily life. It describes that senders speakers have something to say in mind that is called as a message shown in the first brackets. The message is converted into a transmitted form, namely a signal. Encoding process is involved to translate the message into a linguistic form and then translate the linguistic form into a set of instructions to the speech organs resulting in an acoustic signal. The initial form of this signal is named transmitted signal. The channel of communication shows that the signal travels from senders to receivers. However, the signal might change in various ways, like distortion, interference from irrelevant stimuli or loss through fading. The changes are called as noise. Therefore, the received signal caught by receivers might not be the same as the transmitted signal given by senders. On the other hand, if the signal is channel {message} encoding decoding {message} sender receiver noise transmitted signal received signal PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI received without any noise, it can be decoded to carry the original message. Therefore, receivers can get the message shown in the last brackets as senders want. Above all, the figure shows that people need to give attention to messages in order to make a successful communication. In addition, Lyons 1997:34 has two points having to do with the notion of communication. The first point is the distinction between actual and intended receivers of a signal. It is stated that it is common to have more than one receiver linked to senders by a channel of communication and for the senders to be communicating with only one of these receivers. In this point, the senders give the signal identifying the intended receivers or addressees and invite them to pay attention to, or respond to the signal. The second point relates to a successful communication that does not only depend upon rec eivers’ reception of the signal, but also upon his recognition of senders’ communicative intention and upon his making an appropriate behavioral or cognitive response to it. From those two points, it can be stated that giving signal to intended receivers is important in a communication because if senders give the signal to another receiver, the communication might not become as what the senders want. After the senders give the signal, the intended receivers also need to pay attention carefully and respond to the signal given by the senders. Giving an appropriate response to the signal is also needed to make the communication run well. Thus, those points can create a successful communication between the senders and the receivers. A successful communication also depends on the person when communicating with others. In other words, the way people start or end the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI