j. Expressing Friendship or Camaraderie
This function aims to encourage other people, give arguments, and share common interests and experiences. Gabor and Power 2011:124 explain that
“friends can be allies, supporters, or sympathizers who give encouragement, feedback, honest opini
ons, and usually a lot advice”. Therefore, this function can make people start or maintain their friendship.
In addition, this function serves a feeling of friendly relationship to acquaintances or friends. People can apply several communicative functions in
conversation. Those are
expressing wishes, congratulating,
agreeing on something, apologizing, thanking, giving compliments, criticizing indirectly,
saying bad words, mocking, joking, pacifying, encouraging, and sympathizing.
k. Expressing Respect or Deference
Expressing respect or deference aims to respect each other in conversation. In this sense, Scollon and Scollon 2001:54 emphasize that people might treat each
other differently. Moreover, Scollon and Scollon 2001:54 also argue that expressing respect is for people who do not know each other well.
However, phatic communication is generally to express respect a person with a higher status Schriffin, 1994. All in all, it can be stated that one can express
respect to a higher status or unknown people. In this regard, this function deals with several communicative functions of phatic communication. They are
expressing wishes, congratulating, agreeing on something, apologizing, thanking, giving compliments, criticizing indirectly, joking, pacifying, encouraging, and
sympathizing. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
l. Expressing Politeness
This function aims to show polite manners in conversation. Politeness shows a matter of selecting linguistic forms using appropriate communicative functions
to show status differences Holmes, 1992:285. Malinowski 1923:316 states that words of phatic communion are phrases of politeness considered as a polite talk. It
can be understood that most of the communicative functions are to show one’s
politeness in conversation. Phatic communication that shows politeness are avoiding the silence, starting
a conversation or opening a contact, making chit-chat, keeping talking, expressing solidarity, creating harmony, creating comfort, expressing empathy, expressing
friendship, and expressing respect Jumanto 2014:9. The communicative functions of politeness are all that have been mentioned previously, except
making gossip. It seems impolite to interfere or to gossip one’s private lives.
Actually, gossiping might become something usual for people having close relationship. Even gossiping is not polite talk, it is still considered as phatic talk
because the function is to establish intimacy in communication Tannen, 1990:96.
4. Women and Men’s Conversational Styles
Conversation created by male or female might show different styles. Tannen 1986:125 states that it is because of cross-cultural interaction. It is explained that
culture is a kind of habits and patterns from the past. In addition, different gender is socialized into different culture Holmes, 1995:7. Therefore, it clearly shows
that cultural differences can make women and men interact differently. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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