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CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of two categories, the findings of the research and the discussion of the data analysis. The findings of the research show the findings of
the three objectives: types of culturally-bound expressions occur in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Rumah Kaca, foreignization and domestication strategies, and the
degree of meaning equivalence of each culturally-bound expression in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Rumah Kaca. The findings of the research are shown in the form of
numbers in two different ways: frequency and percentage. Meanwhile, the discussion of the data analysis shows detail explanation of the data findings by
presenting some examples according to the three research objectives.
A. Findings
There are three findings in this sub-chapter. The findings are presented in the form of tables which contain number and percentage.
1. The Types of Culturally-Bound Expressions occurring in the Novels
As mentioned in Chapter II, the process of identification of culturally- bound expression in this research adapts the theory proposed by Newmark 1988:
95-103. There are five types of culturally-bound expressions: ecology, material culture, social culture, social organization, and gesture and habit.
The following table shows the frequency and percentage of the findings of types of culturally-bound expressions occuring in Rumah Kaca.
Table 2. Data Finding of Culturally-Bound Expressions No
Types of Culturally-Bound Expression Frequency
Percentage
1 Ecology
30 10.10
2 Material Culture
103 34.68
3 Social Culture
99 33.33
4 Social Organization
52 17.51
5 Gesture and Habit
13 4.38
Total 297
100
From the table above, it is shown that the researcher finds 297 data of Indonesian culturally-bound expressions in Rumah Kaca. Material culture
category has the highest frequency with 103 expressions out of 297 expressions or 34.68, followed by social culture category with 99 expressions or 33.33,
social organization with 52 expressions or 17.51, ecology with 30 data or 10.10, and gesture and habit with 13 expressions or 4.38.
This result shows that there are a lot of Indonesian culturally-bound expressions in
Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Rumah Kaca. Since the novel is set in the early 20
th
century when Indonesia was still under the Dutch colonization, there are lots of traditional and local expressions of Indonesia at that time found in the
novel. Moreover, the translator is success to translate 254 expressions out of 297 expressions equivalently into the TL. However, the translator fails to translate the
other 44 expressions into the TL which means they are not equivalently translated.
These findings are presented in the following sub-chapter in the discussion of degree of meaning equivalence.
2. The Foreignization and Domestication Strategies used in the Novels
The concept of foreignization and domestication strategies adapted in this research is based on the theory proposed by Jan Pedersen 2005: 3-9. There are
three foreignization strategies: retention, addition, and direct translation. Meanwhile there are four domestication strategies: generalization, cultural
substitution, paraphrase, and omission. The table below shows the finding of the foreignization and domestication strategies used in translating the culturally-
bound expressions in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Rumah Kaca.
Table 3. Data Finding of Foreignization and Domestication Strategies No
Translation Strategies Frequency
Percentage Foreignization
1 Retention
46 15.49
2 Addition
51 17.17
3 Direct Translation
14 4.71
Total of Foreignization Strategy 111
37.37 Domestication
1 Generalization
42 14.14
2 Cultural Substitution
83 27.95
3 Paraphrase
53 17.85
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