Objectives of the Research

b. Types of Translation

Jakobson 1959: 234 distinguishes translation into three categories, they are: 1 Intralingual translation. It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language. 2 Interlingual translation. It is defined as an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some of other language. It consists of the bilingual translation and multilingual translation. Bilingual translation is the translation that involves two languages, for example, the translation from English into Indonesia. While, multilingual translation involves more than two languages. 3 Intersemiotic translation. It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of nonverbal signs systems. Larson 1984:15 divides two types of translation, literal and idiomatic translation. Literal translation is the form-based translation that attempts to follow the form of the source language. The idiomatic translation is the meaning-based translation that tries to communicate the meaning of source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Catford 1965:21-25 divides translation into three different categories. Those are: 1 In terms of extent. a Full translation, it is a type of translation in which the entire SL text is reproduced by the TL text materials. b Partial translation, there are only some parts of the SL text to be translated into the TL text. 2 In terms of level. a Total translation, the TL material replaces all levels of the SL text. b Restricted translation, it is the replacement of SL textual material with equivalent TL material at only one level; whether at the phonological level, graphological level, or at the level of grammar and lexis. 3 In terms of rank. a Rank-bound translation, in which an attempt is made always to select TL equivalent at the same rank. b Free translation, in which always an unbounded translation-equivalence shunt up and down the rank scale, but tends to be at the higher ranks. c Literal translation, which lies between the two extremes, the rank-bound, and the free translation. It may start, as it were, from word-for-word translation, but make changes in conformity with the TL grammar.

c. Process of Translation

Nida and Taber 1982:17 explains that there are three steps of translation; i.e. analyzing, transferring, and restructuring. 1 Analyzing: it is used to identify the target message and contents. It includes the grammatical and semantic analysis. 2 Transferring: it deals about how analysis result to be transferred from source language into target language with someone applying of meaning and connotation, but the reaction is equivalent.