a. Ecology
Ecology includes ecological and geographical features such as flora, fauna, winds, plain, and hills. These ecological and geographical features are different
between countries. For example, many words with strong elements of local color, such as local words for plains; sawah
͛, prairies͛, ͚steppes͛, ͚tundras͛, ͚pampas͛, ͚savannahs͛, ͚ilanos͛, ͚bush͛, ͚veld .
b. Material Culture
Problem involving material culture is more complex than ecological features. Material culture consists of many kind of food, clothes, houses and
towns, transportations, etc Newmark, 1988:97-98. The examples of this material culture that cannot be translated are wheat and delman
͛. In many places in the new world wheat is unknown Nida, 1975:70. Furthermore delman
͛ is a traditional transportation in Indonesia which of course others countries do not
have its equivalence form.
c. Social Culture
Social culture consists of two things, work and leisure Newmark, 1988:98. Social culture is a culture possessed by a particular society which is
different from another society. For example, the word kusir ͛ in Bahasa Indonesia
is translated into driver ͛ in English. Another example is the word lurah͛, it is
often translated into chief village .
d. Social Organizations
Social organizations include political, administrative, religious, artistic, historical terms. For example, the terms pedukuhan
͛ in Bahasa Indonesia, it is a
problem to translate it into English since it is an unknown concept in the target language.
e. Gestures and Habits
As mentioned before, another problem faced by some translators is cultural word related to gestures and habits. It is described as symbolic actions of
a country that have function and meaning to express ideas or feelings. For example, in Bahasa Indonesia, the term bersila , is a gesture of Indonesian
people, which is done by sitting with both legs crossed each other. It is often translated into cross-legged .
2. Foreignization and Domestication Strategies Adopted in this Study
As stated before, culturally bound expressions are difficult to be translated because of the unknown concept of the source language in the target language. In
this study, the researcher adopted foreignization and domestication strategies proposed by Jan Pedersen. There are three foreignization strategies and four
domestication strategies.
a. Foreignization Strategies 1 Retention
Retention has the same concept of borrowing. It allows the element from the SL to enter the TL. This strategy can be spotted by the presence of some
symbols like quotation marks and italics. Following is the example of retention in Rumah Kaca:
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