These findings are presented in the following sub-chapter in the discussion of degree of meaning equivalence.
2. The Foreignization and Domestication Strategies used in the Novels
The concept of foreignization and domestication strategies adapted in this research is based on the theory proposed by Jan Pedersen 2005: 3-9. There are
three foreignization strategies: retention, addition, and direct translation. Meanwhile there are four domestication strategies: generalization, cultural
substitution, paraphrase, and omission. The table below shows the finding of the foreignization and domestication strategies used in translating the culturally-
bound expressions in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Rumah Kaca.
Table 3. Data Finding of Foreignization and Domestication Strategies No
Translation Strategies Frequency
Percentage Foreignization
1 Retention
46 15.49
2 Addition
51 17.17
3 Direct Translation
14 4.71
Total of Foreignization Strategy 111
37.37 Domestication
1 Generalization
42 14.14
2 Cultural Substitution
83 27.95
3 Paraphrase
53 17.85
4 Omission
8 2.69
Total of Domestication Strategy 186
62.63 Total
297 100
The table above shows that the frequency of domestication strategies is higher than the foreignization strategies. There are 186 expressions out of 297
expressions or 62.63 using domestication strategies. Cultural substitution strategy has the highest frequency of domestication strategies with 83 expressions
out of 298 expressions or 27.95, followed by paraphrase strategy with 53 expressions or 17.85, generalization with 42 expressions or 14.14, and
omission with 8 expressions or 2.69. Meanwhile, the foreignization strategies have 111 expressions out of 297
expressions or 37.37. In the foreignization strategies, addition has highest frequency with 51 expressions or 17.17, followed by retention with 46
expressions or 15.49, and direct translation with 14 expression or 4.71. Based on the findings above, both foreignization and domestication strategies are
identified in this research. However, the domestication strategies has higher number than the foreignization strategies. It can be implied that the translator
tends to transfer the source text closer to the TT.
3. The Degree of Meaning Equivalence of Culturally-Bound Expressions in the Novels
In this research, the concept of meaning equivalence adapts the theory proposed by Roger. T. Bell 1996: 6. There are four meaning equivalence: fully
equivalent meaning, partly equivalent meaning, different meaning, and no meaning. The following table shows the frequencies and percentages of the degree
of meaning equivalence of culturally-bound expressions in Rumah Kaca and their translated expressions in House of Glass.
Table 4. Degree of Meaning Equivalence of Culturally-Bound Expression in Rumah Kaca
No Degree of Meaning
Equivalence Frequency
Percentage
Equivalent Meaning
1 Fully Equivalent Meaning
169 56.90
2 Partly Equivalent Meaning
85 28.62
Total of Equivalent Meaning 254
85.52 Non-Equivalent Meaning
1 Different Meaning
35 11.78
2 No Meaning
8 2.69
Total of Non-Equivalent Meaning 43
14.48 Total
297 100
According to the table above, the equivalent meaning has higher frequency than non-equivalent meaning. There are 254 expressions out of 297 expressions or
85.52 which translated equivalently into the target text. It means that the translator successfully transfers the messages of the source text in term of
Indonesian culturally-bound expressions into the target text. Furthermore, the equivalent meaning has two sub-categories: fully equivalent meaning and partly
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