3 Restructuring: it is used to make certain in the re-establishing text which had been translated.
Figure 1. Process of Translation by Nida and Taber
Bell 1991: 13 distinguishes a process from a result . There are three distinguishable meanings of translation that is translating, a translation, and
translation. 1 Translating is the process of translation.
2 A translation is the product of process. 3 Translation is an abstract concept which encompasses both process and
product.
2. Culture a. Definitions of Culture
Newmark 1988:94 defines culture as the way of life and its
manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression , therefore he acknowledges that each language group has
its own culturally specific features. Hoed 2006:79 also states that culture is the Transferring
Source Language Receptor Language
Restructuring Analyzing
way of life that can be seen in the form of behavior and its products materially artifact through habituating and learning process in a society by generations.
Crowther 1995:285 describes culture as the customs, arts, social, institutions, etc of a particular group or nation.
Kroeber Kluckhohn 1952:181 state that culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols,
constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional i.e.
historically derived and selected ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the
other, as conditional elements of future action.
b. Culturally-Bound Expressions
Newmark 1988:94 distinguished culture into two, universal and personal language. The words
͚die͛, ͚live͛, ͚stay͛, ͚eat͛, etc are universal language. Meanwhile, the words
͚dokar͛, ͚andong, etc are personal words. There will be a problem in translating cultural words since there is cultural gap or distance
between the source and target languages. Further, Newmark 1988:95 says that most cultural words are easy to detect, since they are associated with a peculiar
language and cannot be literally translated where literal translation would distort the meaning.
From Newmark s explanation it is clear that cultural word is a word in particular language that brings cultural value which does not exist or differ from
other languages. When a cultural word is translated, it is possible that the cultural value will change.
Baker 1992:21 provides another term to mention cultural words. She uses cultural specific concepts instead of cultural words.
The source language words may express a concept which is totally unknown in the target language. The concept in question may be abstract
or concrete, it may relate to a religious belief, a social custom, or even a type of food. Such concepts are often offered to as culture specific.
According to Simatupang 2000:62 a cultural word is a word that reflects the cultural pattern of its native speaker which is not owned by other languages.
From the explanation above, it can be concluded that cultural word is an expression whose meaning is tied strongly to its culture. It is almost impossible to
transfer its cultural meaning into other languages by defending its original meaning. Due to the dissimilarity of culture among countries, this cultural
meaning is hard to be translated.
c. Cultural Categories
Newmark 1988:95-103 categorizes foreign cultural words by adapting Nida s theory into five divisions. The divisions are ecology, material culture,
social culture, social organization, and gestures. 1 Ecology
According to Cambridge Advance Learner ͛s Dictionary, the term ecology
means the relationships between the air, land, water, animals, plants, etc., usually of a particular area, or the scientific study of this. The extremity of
ecological variation form territory to territory is seldom anticipated, and there
