b Partial translation, there are only some parts of the SL text to be translated into the TL text.
2 In terms of level. a Total translation, the TL material replaces all levels of the SL text.
b Restricted translation, it is the replacement of SL textual material with equivalent TL material at only one level; whether at the phonological
level, graphological level, or at the level of grammar and lexis. 3 In terms of rank.
a Rank-bound translation, in which an attempt is made always to select TL equivalent at the same rank.
b Free translation, in which always an unbounded translation-equivalence shunt up and down the rank scale, but tends to be at the higher ranks.
c Literal translation, which lies between the two extremes, the rank-bound, and the free translation. It may start, as it were, from word-for-word
translation, but make changes in conformity with the TL grammar.
c. Process of Translation
Nida and Taber 1982:17 explains that there are three steps of translation; i.e. analyzing, transferring, and restructuring.
1 Analyzing: it is used to identify the target message and contents. It includes the grammatical and semantic analysis.
2 Transferring: it deals about how analysis result to be transferred from source language into target language with someone applying of meaning and
connotation, but the reaction is equivalent.
3 Restructuring: it is used to make certain in the re-establishing text which had been translated.
Figure 1. Process of Translation by Nida and Taber
Bell 1991: 13 distinguishes a process from a result . There are three distinguishable meanings of translation that is translating, a translation, and
translation. 1 Translating is the process of translation.
2 A translation is the product of process. 3 Translation is an abstract concept which encompasses both process and
product.
2. Culture a. Definitions of Culture
Newmark 1988:94 defines culture as the way of life and its
manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression , therefore he acknowledges that each language group has
its own culturally specific features. Hoed 2006:79 also states that culture is the Transferring
Source Language Receptor Language
Restructuring Analyzing
