changes the conversation from formal to informal, from serious to joyful and so forth.
b. Participants P
Participants refer to the people involved in the utterance which can be defined as the speaker-listener, addressor-addressee, or
sender-receiver. Participants will identify who plays as the speaker-listener, addressor-addressee or sender-receiver for
example in the political speech. The addressor is the leader while the addressee is the audience.
c. Ends E
Ends refers to the goals or outcome which is expected to be achieved by the participants. The goals may be varied. For
example in the courtroom, there are the judge, jury, prosecution, defense and so forth.
d. Act sequence A
Act sequence refers to the actual form and content of what is said such as the precise words used, how the words are used, and the
relationship of what is said to the actual topic. For example to join parties, if the participants want to mingle with others, they need
to follow the system of language used and things talked within.
e. Key K
Key refers to the tone, manner, or spirit of the utterance such as light-hearted, serious, precise, sarcastic, mocking and so forth.
f. Instrumentalities I
Instrumentalities refer to the choice of channel of how the utterance is created such as oral, written or telegraphic and how
the actual forms of utterance employed such as the language, dialect, and so forth.
g. Norms of interaction and interpretation N
Norms of interaction and interpretation refers to the specific behaviours and properties attached to the utterance for example
loudness, silence, gaze return, and so forth.
h. Genre G
Genre refers to the types of the utterance such as poems, proverbs, riddles, sermons, prayers, lectures and so forth.
This SPEAKING formula is very important to show that talk is a very complex activity and that any particular talk is actually a piece of
“skilled work”. Skilled work means that the speaker must be aware and sensitive toward each of these eight factors above. Neglecting to fulfil
these factors may result into the poorer speaker.
8. United Nations UN
The United Nations UN was established to create, maintain and spread the peace among countries in the world. From Southern Sudan to
Timor-Leste, from Tunisia to Kyrgyzstan, the UN will keep on
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