and “there” are used to point the faraway place or things. However,
sometimes the use of this deixis can be different based on the speaker’s intention due to the existence of the deictic projection.
This means that the speaker can project some location in which she is not there. For instance in the recorder of telephone
machine. When someone calls and the speaker is not there, the machine will automatically answer “I’m not here, please leave a
message.” It means that the speaker projects her presence to be in the required location.
Another example is when the speaker tells a story and in the story she said “here”. It means the speaker tries to project the
location in the story not in the place where she is now. Therefore, it is clear that spatial deixis is really close to phychological distance
where physically close objects will tend to be treated by the speaker as phychological close and vice versa. However, sometimes the
speaker can also treat physical close as physical distance for example “I don’t like that.” The word “that” in this sentence does
not merely have the semantic meaning but a meaning based on the speaker’s context.
c. Temporal Deixis
Temporal deixis is the time pointing. The words used for this are “now” and “then”. However, this type of words are really relative to
the speaker’s time which should also be matched with the hearer’s
time. For example when a speaker says “I’m in my uncle’s house now.” The hearer should also hear or read this sentence at exact time
as the speaker’s. Another temporal deixis expression are “yesterday”, “last night”, “today”, “tonight”, “tomorrow”, “next
week”, “this week” and so forth. This type of deixis also requires the same time possessed by the speaker and the hearer so that they won’t
misunderstand the message. In English the choice of these expression will also determine the verb tense of the sentence or
utterance they use. This distal form can not only be used to show the distance from current time to the past or present time but also from
reality or facts to imagination in the past or future. For example: 1
I live here now. proximal form 2
I lived there then. distal form 3
I could live in London now if I had a lot of money. distal form from the speaker’s reality
3. Presupposition
Presupposition means a thing that the speaker assumes to be the prior case to make an utterance Yule: 1996: 25. For example the utterance:
Emma’s brother got three turtles. The assumption will be 1 we know who Emma is 2 we know Emma has a brother 3 we know he has
three turtles. However, we can also drag another assumption which are 1 Emma only has one brother 2 He is very caring toward animal. All
of these assumption can be true or wrong according to speaker’s fact.
