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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. Literature Review
1. Pragmatics
a. Definition
Leech 1991 defined pragmatics as the study of how utterances have meanings in any situations. In addition, Yule 1996
explained that p ragmatics is the study of speakers’ meaning,
contextual meaning, how more gets communicated than is said, and the expression of relative distance. Therefore, based on these two
definitions, it can be concluded that pragmatics is the study on speakers’ meaning which is influenced by the context situation.
However, the listeners or readers and the speakers or writers should share the same knowledge of the context to achieve the better
understanding. So, the communication that is created between the speaker and listener can be effectively gained and resulted into
something that both actors expected from the conversations.
b. Cooperative Principles
Cooperative principles are about how to make your conversational contribution because generally in conversation the
speaker writer and listener reader are cooperating each other Leech, 1991; Yule: 1996. Cooperative principles are the kind
illustrated by H.P. Grice Leech, 1991: 8 which are elaborated in four sub-principles called maxims. The maxims in the cooperative
principles are elaborated below.
1 Maxim of Quantity
It is about giving the right amount of information such as making your contribution as informative as required which should not be
too less and too much. The examples are presented below. a
You can see me at 09.30 a.m. at my office. b
You can see me at 09.30 a.m. at my office. However, if you don’t mind, we can just go outside and have lunch
together discussing our ne w project. I’m extremely
hungry. Yule, 1996: 37
The context of situation in the examples above is that the speaker intends to make an appointment with the speaker’s
colleague. In utterance a the speaker has already fulfilled the maxim of quantity by being informative in giving the right time
and place to the colleague without adding any other information. However, the pattern in utterance b contains too much
information about the speaker’s intention which is not only to have a working meeting but also to have lunch. In this case, the
speaker overlaps the knowledge that should be shared by both
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