2 Arrangement
It means that it is about the making of the context situation into a logical sequence and unity. It can also be conducted through
organizing the various materials which are gathered together into a coherent speech structure. The structure should consist of
a beginning, middle, and end which are broken down into points as follows.
a Introduction exordium
Its function is t o state the speech’s purpose and establish
credibility to persuade the listeners whether the speech is worth to listen or not.
b Statement of Facts narratio
Its function is to provide an overview of the situation to provide enough information for the audience to understand
the
context of the speaker’s arguments. c
Division partitio
Its function is to outline what is to follow and to specify the main point. In this phase, the speaker takes the audience on
a journey of logic and emotion. Thus, it is better to give them an idea of where they are going, so that it will be easier to
follow the speech.
d Proof confirmatio
Its function is to present logical arguments and supporting facts, so that the audience can understand and follow.
e Refutation refutatio
Its function is to refute counterargument by showing the weakness of the speaker’s argument. It is very useful to
create a pre-emptive argument, so that the speaker can answer the audience doubts about the argument. It also
creates trust since the speaker shows the intellectual
modesty. f
Conclusion peroratio
Its function is to sum up claims and reinforce them with the emotional appeal. Injecting some emotions into the
conclusion is really needed to touch the heart of the listeners, so that they will not only remember the content of the speech
but also are persuaded to follow the speaker’s direction.
3 Style
It is about the choice and combination of words into clauses, periods, and figures.
a Correctness
It means that the speaker uses one’s language correctly and
properly. It can improve the sense of persuasion since it
shows that she is well educated and paying attention to the language nuance and details.
b Clarity
It means that the speaker needs to be clear and straightforward.
c Evidence
It means that the speaker provides the evidence to support the claims. In order to make the evidence easy to be
understood, therefore, the speaker needs to explain it with vivid descriptions.
d Propriety
It is about saying the right thing at the right time in the right place.
e Ornateness
It means that the speaker makes the speech interesting by using figures of speech and manipulating the sound and
rhythm of the words.
4 Memory
Memory is about the use of mnemonic system to retain the contents in mind. Therefore, whenever the audience throws up
questions the speaker can answer it accordingly.
5 Delivery
It is about the oral expression and gesture in order to make the persuasion.
7. Context of Situation
In understanding the intended meaning of the speaker, it is really needed to know the context of situation that happens at the time when
the speaker delivers the speech. This is very important to see the link between what she said and the interpretations that may come as the
result of analyzing the speaker’s meaning.
In regard to this need, Hymes 1974 in Wardhaugh 2006: 232- 234 proposed an ethnography framework which describes all factors
that are relevant in understanding how a particular communicative event can achieve its goals. Hymes names this ethnography as SPEAKING
which is explained as follows.
a. Setting and scene S
Setting refers to the time and place where the utterance is delivered. Time and place can also refer to the physical setting.
Meanwhile, the psychological one is employed in the scene. Scene means the occasion or the circumstances of when the
utterance is delivered. It sometimes is not bounded with the physical
setting which means it depends on the speaker’s intention to change the scene. The example is when the speaker
changes the conversation from formal to informal, from serious to joyful and so forth.
b. Participants P
Participants refer to the people involved in the utterance which can be defined as the speaker-listener, addressor-addressee, or
sender-receiver. Participants will identify who plays as the speaker-listener, addressor-addressee or sender-receiver for
example in the political speech. The addressor is the leader while the addressee is the audience.
c. Ends E
Ends refers to the goals or outcome which is expected to be achieved by the participants. The goals may be varied. For
example in the courtroom, there are the judge, jury, prosecution, defense and so forth.
d. Act sequence A
Act sequence refers to the actual form and content of what is said such as the precise words used, how the words are used, and the
relationship of what is said to the actual topic. For example to join parties, if the participants want to mingle with others, they need
to follow the system of language used and things talked within.
e. Key K
Key refers to the tone, manner, or spirit of the utterance such as light-hearted, serious, precise, sarcastic, mocking and so forth.
