1. The Types of Culture-Specific Items
As previously mentioned in Chapter II, Newmark 1988: 95 classifies CSIs into five categories. They are Ecology, Material Culture, Social Culture,
Organization, customs, activities, procedures, and concepts and the last one is Gestures and Habits. All types of CSIs have been found in this research. Table
8 shows the frequency and percentage of the types of CSIs found in this
research. Table 8.
The Frequency and Percentage of Types of Culture-Specific Items
No Types of CSIs
Frequency Percentage
1 Ecology
6 7.8
2 Material Culture
26 33.8
3 Social Culture
8 10.4
4 Organization, customs, activities,
procedures, and concepts 35
45.5 5
Gestures and habits 2
2.5
TOTAL 77
100
Table 8 shows that the CSIs fall under the fourth category is the highest rank with 35 data 45.5 out of 77 total data. It is then followed by
the second category which is material culture with 26 data 33.8 then followed by social culture with 8 data 10.4 and the first category which is
ecology with 6 data 7.8. Finally, the lowest rank of all is the fifth category which is gesture and habits with only 2 data 2.5.
2. The Techniques in Translating the Culture-Specific Items
This research found that out of seven techniques proposed by Davies only six techniques used by the translator in translating the CSIs namely,
preservation, addition, globalisation, localisation, and with one mixed technique combination of two techniques. Meanwhile, four techniques
namely omission, transformation, and creation have not been found at all. Table 9 shows the percentage of the techniques used by the translator in
translating the CSIs.
Table 9. The Frequency and the Percentage of the Translation
Techniques No
Techniques Frequency
Percentage
1 Preservation
a. Preservation of form 55
71.4 b. Preservation of content
2 Addition
a. Addition inside the text 4
5.2 b. Addition outside the text
3
Omission
4
Globalisation
1 1.3
5
Localisation
14 18.2
6
Transformation
7
Creation
8
Mixed Technique
3 3.9
TOTAL 77
100
Table 9 shows that the most frequent technique used by the translator is preservation with 55 times or 71.4 of CSIs translation techniques. The
second most frequent technique is localisation with 14 times or 18.2 and
followed by addition technique with 4 times or 5.2. The fourth frequent technique used is mixed technique preservation and addition with 3 times or
3.9. The least technique used by the translator is globalisation with only 1 time or 1.3. Meanwhile, the techniques of omission, transformation, and
creation have not been used by the translator in translating CSIs in this research.
3. The Ideological Tendency of the Translator in Translating the
Culture-Specific Items
The translation ideology is divided into two ideologies, namely foreignisatio
n and domestication. According to Jaleniauskienė and Čičelytė‘s continuum of the translation ideology, foreignisation ideology consist of two
techniques namely preservation and addition. Meanwhile, the domestication ideology consists of five techniques, namely omission, globalisation,
localisation, transformation, and creation Jaleniauskienė and Čičelytė, 2009: 33.
This research discovered that from the 77 data, 62 data or 80.5 considered under the category of foreignisation ideology, including 3 data or
3.9 mixed technique that fall within the category of foreignisation and 15 data or 19.5 considered under the category of domestication ideology. Table
10 indicates the frequency of both ideologies traced from the techniques used by the translator in translating the CSIs.
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